The Dose Makes the Poison (PDF)

Introduction to the Third Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. 1 WHAT ARE CHEMICALS? Atoms and Molecules. Natural Chemicals. Synthetic Chemicals. Chemical Categories. Chemicals: "Good" and "Bad". Why the "Good-Bad" Dichotomy? Man-made Chemicals Are Made by Humans. Man-made Chemicals May Not Be Biodegradable. Man-made Chemicals May Be Very Complex. 2 WHAT HARM DO CHEMICALS CAUSE? Harmful Properties of Chemicals. Explosiveness and Reactivity. Flammability and Combustibility. Radioactivity. Corrosiveness. Irritation. Sensitization and Photosensitization. Toxicity. Multiple Harmful Properties. Definition of Poison. Definition of Hazard. 3 WHAT IS TOXICOLOGY? Empirical Toxicology. Paracelsus and Ramazzini. A Brief History of Toxicology. Toxicology Today. What Do Toxicologists Do? 4 WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS? Acute versus Chronic Toxicity. Significance of Divided Doses. Routes of Exposure. Dermal Exposure. Inhalation Exposure. Oral Exposure. Other Routes of Exposure. Combinations. Influence of Route on Toxicity. Metabolism. Routes of Elimination (Excretion). Other Factors that Influence Toxicity. Species. Sex. Age. Nutrition. State of Health. Biochemical Individuality (Genetic Diversity). Presence of Other Chemicals. Adaptation. Light. 5 HOW IS TOXICOLOGY STUDIED? Experimental Methods. Acute Toxicity. Irritant and Corrosive Effects. Sensitization and Photosensitization. Chronic Toxicity. Mutagenesis. Carcinogenesis. Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity. Units of Trace Quantities. Analytical Methods. Animal Rights. 6 GENERAL TOXICOLOGY. Acute Toxicity. LD50 and LC50 Values. Significance of LDs for Humans. Poison Prevention. Antidotes. Chronic Toxicity. No-Effect Levels and Thresholds. Margins of Safety. Sufficient Challenge. Bioaccumulation. 7 MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS. Mutagenesis. Genetic Code. Mutations. Significance of Mutations. Mutation and Cancer. Carcinogenesis. What Is Cancer? Causes of Cancer. Role of Mutation. Incidence of

Patricia Frank is President of Patricia Frank &
Associates, Inc., a consulting firm founded in 1993 that assists
companies in the development and registration of human and
veterinary pharmaceutical agents. She is a past president of both
the American College of Toxicology and the Roundtable of Toxicology
Consultants.

M. Alice Ottoboni lectures, writes, and consults in the
field of toxicology. As Staff Toxicologist with the California
State Department of Public Health for over twenty years, she
originated, designed, and performed numerous toxicological studies
of environmental factors of importance to public health. She is the
author of the previous editions of The Dose Makes the
Poison.

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