Navigating Religious Authority in Muslim Societies

Islamist Movements as Social Movements.- 3.10 Islamism in Transition: Neo-Fundamentalism and Post-Islamist Politics.- 3.11 Islamism and the Ills of Globalisation.- 3.12 Islamism and Religious Authority.- 3.13 Conclusion.- References.- 4 Religious Authority in Islam: Resilient Patterns of Evolution From the Formative Period to Contemporary Times.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Authority in Sunni Islam: An Overview.- 4.3 Sources of Religious Authority in Sunni Islam.- 4.4 H adit h and Religious Authority.- 4.5 Religious Authority in Shi'i Islam: Charisma and Hereditary Succession.- 4.6 Religious Authority and the Imams in Shi'i Islam.- 4.7 The Heirs of the Prophet.- 4.8 Authority in the First Centuries of Islam.- 4.9 Decline of the Caliphate.- 4.10 The Role of Qadis in Upholding Islamic Law and Ethics.- 4.11 Qur'an , Models of Authority and the Caliphate.- 4.12 Religious Authority, Traditional Society and Religious Movement.- 4.13 Sunni Legacy, Shia Lineage: Unravelling the Origins of Al-Azhar University.- 4.14 Reimagining Islamic Authority: Metamorphosis and Continuity in a Globalised World.- 4.15 Strategies for Establishing Authority: The Case of International Union of Muslim Scholars (IUMS).- 4.16 Conclusion.- References.- 5 Mapping the Terrain of Islamism and Religious Authority: Insights from the Middle East, Southeast Asia and South Asia.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Islamism, State and Politics.- 5.3 Globalisation and the Revival of the Muslim Ummah.- 5.4 Reasserting Authority in the Middle East: Traditional Islamic Institutions in Response to Crisis.- 5.5 Egypt.- 5.6 Tunisia.- 5.7 Saudi Arabia and Qatar.- 5.8 Turkey.- 5.9 Southeast Asia.- 5.10 Indonesia.- 5.11 Malaysia.- 5.12 South Asia.- 5.13 Religious Pluralism and the Paradox of Sufism in South Asia.- 5.14 Rise of the 'Ulama .- 5.15 The Rise of Religio-Political Leaders.- 5.16 Conclusion.- References.- 6 Islamism in the Digital Age: The Role of Cyberspace in Transforming Religious Authority.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Islam, Social Media and Technology.- 6.3 Religious Authority and Digital Cyberspace.- 6.4 The Internet, Digital Communication and New Religious Authority Figures.- 6.5 Islamism and Decentralisation of Religious Authority: The Case of ISIS or ISIL.- 6.6 ISIS, Salafism and Islamist Claims to Religious Authority.- 6.7 Changing Digital Spaces: ISIS or ISIL, the Cyber Caliphate and the Internet.- 6.8 Countering Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL or ISIS or Daesh) Online.- 6.9 The Proliferation of Interpretations: Media, Education and the Marginalisation of Traditional Scholars.- 6.10 Navigating the Digital Divide: The Intersection of the Internet and Radicalisation.- 6.11 Conclusion.- References.- 7 Conclusion: Globalisation, Islamism and People's Participation in Religious Discourse and Expression.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Challenges to Religious Authority.- 7.3 The Future of Islamist Movements.- 7.4 One Islamism or Many?.- 7.5 Beyond the Uniformity.- 7.6 Political Systems and Authoritarian Regimes in the Muslim World.- 7.7 The Global Power Structure and US Foreign Policy.- 7.8 Islam in the Digital Age.- 7.9 Countering the Crisis of Authority: The Possibilities for Change.- References.