Introduction to Materials for Advanced Energy Systems
(Sprache: Englisch)
This first of its kind text enables today's students to understand current and future energy challenges, to acquire skills for selecting and using materials and manufacturing processes in the design of energy systems, and to develop a cross-functional...
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This first of its kind text enables today's students to understand current and future energy challenges, to acquire skills for selecting and using materials and manufacturing processes in the design of energy systems, and to develop a cross-functional approach to materials, mechanics, electronics and processes of energy production. While taking economic and regulatory aspects into account, this textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the range of materials used for advanced energy systems, including fossil, nuclear, solar, bio, wind, geothermal, ocean and hydropower, hydrogen, and nuclear, as well as thermal energy storage and electrochemical storage in fuel cells. A separate chapter is devoted to emerging energy harvesting systems. Integrated coverage includes the application of scientific and engineering principles to materials that enable different types of energy systems. Properties, performance, modeling, fabrication, characterization and application of structural, functional and hybrid materials are described for each energy system. Readers will appreciate the complex relationships among materials selection, optimizing design, and component operating conditions in each energy system. Research and development trends of novel emerging materials for future hybrid energy systems are also considered. Each chapter is basically a self-contained unit, easily enabling instructors to adapt the book for coursework. This textbook is suitable for students in science and engineering who seek to obtain a comprehensive understanding of different energy processes, and how materials enable energy harvesting, conversion, and storage. In setting forth the latest advances and new frontiers of research, the text also serves as a comprehensive reference on energy materials for experienced materials scientists, engineers, and physicists.
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- Includes pedagogical features such as in-depth side bars, worked-out and end-of- chapter exercises, and many references to further reading Provides comprehensive coverage of materials-based solutions for major and emerging energy systems
- Brings together diverse subject matter by integrating theory with engaging insights
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Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Introduction to Materials for Advanced Energy Systems “
Preface 1 Materials based solutions to advanced energy systems
Abstract
1.1 Advanced energy technology and contemporary issues
1.1.1 Challenges and concerns
1.1.2 The role of the advanced materials
1.1.3 Solutions for future energy systems
1.2 Fundamentals of energy systems
1.2.1 Energy and service
1.2.2 Energy process characterization
1.2.2.1 The laws of thermodynamics
1.2.2.2 Macroscopic and microscopic energy systems
1.2.2.3 Entropy and enthalpy
1.2.2.4 Chemical kinetics
1.2.2.5 Energy availability
1.2.3 Energy calculations and accounting
1.2.3.1 Energy efficiency
1.2.3.2 Heating values
1.2.4 General energy devices
1.2.4.1 Conversion devices
1.2.4.2 Energy storage
1.2.4.3 Systems engineering
1.2.4.4 Electricity 1.2.5 Sustainable energy
1.3 Materials development for advanced energy systems
1.3.1 Functional surface technologies
1.3.2 Materials integration in sustainable energy systems
1.3.3 Higher-performance materials
1.3.4 Sustainable manufacturing of materials
1.3.5 Materials and process development acceleration tools
1.4 Summary
Reference Exercises
2 Fundamentals of materials used in energy systems
Abstract
2.1 Structures of solids
2.1.1 Atomic structures
2.1.2 Crystal structures
2.1.2.1 Structures for elements
2.1.2.2 Structures for compounds
2.1.2.3 Solid solutions 2.1.3 Crystal diffraction
2.1.3.1 Phase difference and Bragg's law
2.1.3.2 Scattering
2.1.3.3 Reciprocal space
2.1.3.4 Wave vector representation
2.1.4 Defects in solids
2.1.4.1 Point defects
2.1.4.2 Line defects
2.1.4.2.1 Edge dislocations 2.1.4.2.2 Screw
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dislocations
2.1.4.2.3 Burger's vector and burger circuit
2.1.4.2.4 Dislocation motion
2.1.4.3 Planar defects
2.1.4.3.1 Grain boundaries
2.1.4.3.2 Twin boundaries
2.1.4.4 Three-dimensional defects
2.1.5 Diffusion in solids
2.1.5.1 Atomic theory
2.1.5.2 Random walk
2.1.5.3 Other mass transport mechanisms
2.1.5.3.1 Permeability versus diffusion
2.1.5.3.2 Convection versus diffusion
2.1.5.4 Mathematics of diffusion
2.1.5.4.1 Steady state diffusion
2.1.5.4.2 Non-steady state diffusion
2.1.6 Electronic structure of solids
2.1.6.1 Waves and electrons 2.1.6.1.2 Representation of waves
2.1.6.1.2 Matter waves
2.1.6.1.3 Superposition
2.1.6.1.4 Electron waves
2.1.6.2 Quantum mechanics
2.1.6.3 Electron energy band representations
2.1.6.4 Real energy band structures
2.1.6.5 Other aspects of electron energy band structure
2.2 Phase equilibria 2.2.1 The Gibbs phase rule
2.2.1.1 The phase rule on equilibrium among phases<
2.2.1.2 Applications of the phase rule
2.2.1.3 Construction of phase diagrams
2.2.1.4 The tie line principle
2.2.1.5 The lever rule
2.2.2 Nucleation and growth of phases
2.2.2.1 Thermodynamics of phase transformations 2.2.2.2 Nucleation
2.3 Mechanical properties
2.3.1 Elasticity relationships
2.3.1.1 Ture versus engineering strain
2.3.1.2 Nature of elasticity and Young's Modulus
2.3.1.3 Hook's law
2.3.1.4 Poisson's ratio
2.3.1.5 Normal forces
2.3.2 Plasticity observations 2.3.3 Role of dislocation in deformation of crystalline materials
2.3.4 Deformation of noncrystalline materials
2.3.4.1 Thermal behavior of amorphous solids
2.3.4.2 Time-dependent deformation of amorphous materials
2.3.4.3 Models for network
2.3.4.4 Elastomers
2.4 Electronic properties of materials
2.4.1 Occupation of electronic states 2.4.1.1 Density of states function
2.4.1.2 The Fermi-Dirac distribution function
2.4.1.3 Occupancy of electronic states
2.4.2 Position of the Fermi energy
2.4.3 Electronic properties of metals
2.4.3.1 Free electron theory for electrical conduction
2.4.3.2 Quantum theory of electronic conduction
2.4.3.3 Superconductivity
2.4.4 Semiconductors
2.4.4.1 Intrinsic semiconductors
2.4.4.2 Extrinsic semiconductors
2.4.4.3 Semiconductor measurements
2.4.5 Electrical behavior of organic materials
2.4.6 Junctions and devices and the nanoscale
2.4.6.1 Junctions
2.4.6.1.1 Metal-metal junctions
2.4.6.1.2 Metal-semiconductor junctions 2.4.6.1.3 Semiconductor-semiconductor PN junctions
2.4.6.2 Selected devices
2.4.6.2.1 Passive devices
2.4.6.2.2 Active devices
2.4.6.3 Nanostructures and nanodevices
2.4.6.3.1 Heterojunction nanostructures
2.4.6.3.2 2-D and 3-D nanostructures
2.5 Computational modeling of materials 2.5.1 The challenge of complexity
2.5.2 Materials design with predictive capability
2.5.3 Materials modeling approaches
2.6 Advanced experimental techniques for materials characterization
2.6.1 Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy
2.6.2 Nanoindentation
2.6.3 Light microscopy
2.6.4 Electron microscopy 2.6.5 Atom probe tomography
2.6.6 Advanced X-ray characterization
2.6.7 Neutron scattering
2.7 Integrated materials process control
2.7.1 Process control and its constituents
2.7.1.1 Sensing techniques
2.7.1.2 Input parameters for combustion control
2.7.2 Diagnostic techniques 2.3.2.1 Optical diagnostics
2.3.2.2 Solid-state sensors
2.8 Summary
Reference
Exercises
3 Advanced materials enable energy production from fossil fuels
Abstract 3.1 Materials technology status and challenges in fossil energy systems
3.1.1 Boilers
3.1.2 Steam turbines
3.1.3 Gas turbines
3.1.4 Gasifiers
3.1.5 CO2 capture and storage
3.1.6 Perspectives
3.2 Materials for ultra-supercritical applications
3.2.1 High temperature alloys 3.2.2 Advanced refractory materials for slagging gasifiers
3.2.3 Breakthrough materials
3.3 Coatings and protection materials for steam system
3.3.1 High temperature and high pressure coatings
3.3.2 Oxygen ion selective ceramic membranes for carbon capture 3.4 Materials for deep oil and gas well drilling and construction
3.4.1 High stress and corrosion resistant propping agents
3.4.2 Erosion- and corrosion-resistant coatings
3.4.3 Wear resistant coatings 3.4.4 High strength and corrosion resistant alloys for use in well
casings and deep well drill pipe
3.5 Materials for sensing in harsh environments
References Exercises
4 Materials-based solutions to solar energy system
Abstract
4.1 Solar energy technologies 4.1.1 Photovoltaic technologies
4.1.1.1 Residential photovoltaic
4.1.1.2 Utility-scale flat-plate thin film photovoltaic 4.1.1.3 Utility-scale photovoltaic concentrators
4.1.2 Solar thermal technologies
4.1.2.1 Unglazed collectors 4.1.2.2 Glazed collectors
4.1.2.3 Parabolic trough
4.1.2.4 Vacuum tube collectors
4.1.2.5 Linear Fresnel lens reflectors
4.1.2.6 Solar Stirling engine
4.2 Photovoltaic materials and devices
4.2.1 Crystalline silicon PV cells 4.2.1.1 Mono-crystal silicon PVs
4.2.1.2 Polycrystalline silicon PVs
4.2.1.3 Emitter wrap-through cells
4.2.2 Thin-film PV cells
4.2.2.1 Amorphous Silicon Cells
4.2.2.1.1 Amorphous-Si, double or triple junctions 4.2.2.1.2 Tandem amorphous-Si and multi-crystalline-Si
4.2.2.2 Ultra-thin silicon wafers
4.2.2.3 Cadmium telluride and cadmium sulphide
4.2.2.4 Copper indium selenide and copper indium gallium selenide
4.2.3 Compound semiconductor PV cells
4.2.3.1 Space PV cells 4.2.3.2 Light absorbing dyes
4.2.3.3 Organic and polymer PV 4.2.3.4 Flexible plastic organic transparent cells
4.2.4 Nanotechnology for PV cell fabrication
4.2.4.1 Silicon nanowires 4.2.4.2 Carbon nanotubes
4.2.4.3 Graphene-based solar cells 4.2.4.4 Quantum dots
4.2.4.5 Hot carrier solar cell 4.2.4.6 Nanoscale surfaces reduce reflection and increase
capture of the full spectrum of sunlight
4.2.5 Hybrid solar cells
4.2.5.1 Hybrid organic-metal PVs
4.2.5.2 Hybrid organic-organic PVs 4.2.6 Inexpensive plastic solar cells or panels that are mounted on
curved surfaces
4.3 Advanced materials for solar thermal collectors
4.3.1 Desirable features of solar thermal collector materials
4.3.1.1 Transparent cover
4.3.1.2 Insulation
4.3.1.3 Evacuated-tube collectors 4.3.2 Polymer materials in solar thermal collectors
4.3.3 Corrosion resistant materials in contact with molten salts
4.4 Reflecting materials for solar cookers
4.5 Optical materials for absorbers
4.5.1 Metals
4.5.2 Selective coatings
4.5.2.1 Intrinsic absorption coatings
4.5.2.2 Semiconductor-metal tandems 4.5.2.3 Multilayer absorbers
4.5.2.4 Metal-dielectric composite coatings
4.5.2.5 Surface texturing
4.5.2.6 Selectively solar-transmitting coating on a blackbody-like absorber
4.5.3 Heat pipes
4.5.4 Metamaterial solar absorbers
4.5.4.1 Metal-dielectric nanocomposites with tailored plasmonic response
4.5.4.2 Light weight broadband nanocomposite perfect absorbers
4.3.4.3 Prospects and future trends
4.6 Thermal energy storage materials
4.6.1 Sensible thermal energy storage
4.6.2 Underground thermal energy storage
4.6.3 Phase change materials
4.6.4 Thermal energy storage via chemical reactions
Reference
Exercises
5 Advanced materials enable renewable geothermal energy capture and generation
Abstract
5.1 Geothermal technologies
5.1.1 Geothermal resources for geothermal energy development
5.1.2 Geothermal electricity
5.1.3 Enhanced geothermal systems and other advanced geothermal technologies
5.1.4 Direct use of geothermal energy
5.2 Hard materials for downhole rock drilling
5.3 Advanced cements for geothermal wells
5.4 Geothermal heat pumps
5.4.1 Pumping materials
5.4.2 Pumping technology
5.4.3 Heat pump applications
5.5 Materials for transmission pipelines and distribution netorks
5.6 Materials for heat exchange systems 5.6.1 Heat exchange fluids
5.6.2 Heat exchanger coatings
5.6.3 Polymer heat exchangers
5.6.4 Heat convector materials
5.6.5 Refrigeration materials for cooling systems 5.7 Corrosion protection and material selection for geothermal systems
Reference
Exercises
6 Advanced materials enable renewable wind energy capture and generation
Abstract
6.1 Wind resources 6.1.1 Wind quality
6.1.2 Variation of wind speed with elevation
6.1.3 Air density
6.1.4 Wind forecasting 6.1.5 Offshore wind
6.1.6 Maximum wind turbine efficiency: The Betz ratio
6.2 Materials requirements of wind machinery and generating systems
6.2.1 Driven components 6.2.1.1 Shafts
6.2.1.2 Bearings
6.2.1.3 Couplings
6.2.1.4 Gear boxes 6.2.1.5 Generators
6.2.2 Tower
6.2.2.1 Tower structure
6.2.2.2 Tower flange 6.2.2.3 Power electronics
6.2.3 Rotor
6.2.3.1 Blade
6.2.3.2 Blade extender 6.2.3.3 Hub
6.2.3.4 Pitch drive
6.2.4 Nacelle
6.2.4.1 Case
6.2.4.2 Frame 6.2.4.3 Anemometer
6.2.4.4 Brakes
6.2.4.5 Controller
6.2.4.6 Convertor 6.2.4.7 Cooling system
6.2.4.8 Sensors
6.2.4.9 Yaw drive
6.2.5 Balance-of-station subsystems 6.2.6 System design challenges
6.3 Wind turbine types and structures
6.3.1 Horizontal-axis wind turbines
6.3.2 Vertical-axis wind turbines
6.3.3 Upwind wind turbines and downwind wind turbines
6.3.4 Darrieus turbines 6.3.5 Savonius turbines
6.3.6 Giant Multi-megawatt turbines
6.4 General materials used in wind turbines
6.4.1 Cast iron and steel
6.4.2 Composite materials 6.4.3 Rare earth elements in magnet
6.4.4 Copper
6.4.5 Reinforced concrete
6.5 Light weight composite materials for wind turbine blades 6.5.1 Reinforcement
6.5.2 Matrix
6.6 Smart and stealth wind turbine blade materials
6.7 Permanent-magnet generators for wind turbine applications
6.8 Future prospects Reference
Exercises
7 Advanced materials for ocean energy and hydropower
7.1 Materials requirements for ocean energy technologies
7.1.1 Tidal power
7.1.2 Ocean current
7.1.3 Wave energy
7.1.4 Ocean thermal energy 7.1.5 Salinity gradient
7.2 Advanced materials and devices for ocean energy
7.2.1 Structure & prime mover
7.2.2 Foundations & moorings 7.2.3 Power take off
7.2.4 Control
7.2.5 Installation
7.2.6 Connection
7.2.7 Operations & maintenance
7.3 Wave energy converters 7.3.1 Types of WEC
7.4 Tidal energy converters
7.4.1. Types of TEC
7.4.2. Further Permutations
7.5 Arrays 7.6 Challenges faced by the ocean energy
7.6.1 Predictability
7.6.2 Manufacturability
7.6.3 Installability 7.6.4 Operability
7.6.5 Survivability
7.6.6 Reliability
7.6.7 Affordability
7.7 Materials requirements for hydropower system 7.7.1 Retaining structure materials for dams and dikes
7.7.2 Structural materials and surface coatings for turbines runners, draft tubes
and penstocks
Reference
Exercises 8 Biomass for bioenergy
8.1 Materials requirements for biomass technologies
8.1.1 Biomass for power and heat
8.1.2 Biogas 8.1.3 Biofuels
8.1.4 Biorefineries
8.2 Corrosion resistant materials for biofuels
8.2.1 Metal and its alloys
8.2.2 Elastomers 8.3 Nanocatalysts for conversion of biomass to biofuel
8.3.1 Nanocatalysts for biomass gasification
8.3.2 Nanocatalysts for biomass liquefaction
8.4 Coal-to-liquid fuels 8.4.1 Basic chemistry
8.4.2 CTL technology options
8.5 Materials for combustion processes
8.6 Materials for capturing CO2 for using as a nutrient to cultivate alga
8.7 Materials for water filtration and desalination
Reference
Exercises 9 Hydrogen and fuel cells
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Hydrogen generation technology
9.2.1 Steam methane reforming
9.2.2 Electrolysis
9.3 Hydrogen conversion and storage technology
9.3.1 Fuel cells
9.3.2 Hydrogen gas turbines
9.3.3 Compressed hydrogen gas
9.3.4 Liquid hydrogen storage in tanks 9.3.5 Physisorption of hydrogen and its storage in solid structures
9.4 Materials-based hydrogen storage
9.4.1 Nanoconfined hydrogen storage materials
9.4.2 Complex hydrides
9.4.3 Reversible hydrides
9.4.4 Hydrogen storage in carbonaceous materials 9.4.5 Hydrogen storage in zeolites and glass microspheres
9.4.6 Hydrogen storage in organic frameworks
9.4.7 Hydrogen Storage in Polymers
9.4.8 Hydrogen storage in formic acid
9.5 Fuel cell materials 9.5.1 Anode Materials
9.5.2 Cathode Materials
9.5.3 Electrolytes
9.5.4 Catalysts (Catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction) 9.5.5 Sputtering Targets
9.5.6 Current Collectors (Higher-temperature proton conducting materials)
9.5.7 Support Materials (Low-cost materials resistant to hydrogen-assisted
cracking and embrittlement) 9.6 Applications of fuel cells
9.6.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells
9.6.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
9.6.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
9.6.4 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
9.6.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
9.6.6 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 9.6.7 Solid oxide fuel cells
9.6.8 Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
Reference
Exercises
10 Role of materials to advanced nuclear energy Abstract
10.1 Fission and fusion technologies
10.1.1 Nuclear reactors
10.1.2 Nuclear power fuel resources (fuel cycle)
10.1.3 Fusion energy 10.1.3.1 Magnetic fusion energy
10.1.3.2 Inertial fusion energy
10.2 Materials selection criteria
10.2.1 General considerations 10.2.2 General mechanical properties
10.2.2.1 Fabricability
10.2.2.2 Dimension stability 10.2.2.3 Corrosion resistance
10.2.2.4 Heat transfer properties
10.2.3 Special considerations 10.2.3.1 Neutronic properties
10.2.3.2 Susceptibility to induced radioactivity 10.2.3.3 Radiation stability
10.3 Materials for reactor components
10.3.1 Structure and fuel cladding materials
10.3.1.1 Advanced radiation resistant structural materials
10.3.1.1.1 Ultrahigh strength alloys 10.3.1.1.1 Ultrahigh toughness ceramic composites
10.3.1.2 Advanced refractory, ceramic, graphitic or coated materials
10.3.1.3 Corrosion and damage resistant materials 10.3.1.4 Pressure vessel steel
10.3.1.4.1 Corrosion resistant nickel base alloys
10.3.1.4.2 Dimensionally stable zirconium fuel cladding
10.3.1.5 Ultra high temperature resistance structural materials 10.3.2 Moderators and reflectors
10.3.3 Control materials
10.3.4 Coolants
10.3.5 Shielding materials 10.4 Nuclear fuels
10.4.1 Metallic fuels
10.4.2 Ceramic fuels
10.5 Cladding materials ^ Zirconium-based cladding 3-14 10.5.2 Iron-based cladding 3-19
10.5.3 Advanced gas-cooled reactor cladding 3-19
10.6 Low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter
10.7 Advanced computational materials performance modeling References
Exercises
11. Emerging materials for energy harvesting
11. 1 Introduction
11.2 Thermoelectric Materials
11.2.1 Characterizations of thermoelectric Materials
11.2.2 Structures
Oxides and Silicides Half-Heusler compounds
Skutterudite Materials
Clatherate Materials
11.2.3 Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Fermi Surface
Morphology 11.2.4 Nano-materials
11.2.5 Applications
11.3 Piezoelectric Materials
11.3.1 Fundamentals of piezoelectricity
11.3.2 Equivalent circuit of a piezoelectric harvester
11.3.4 Advances of piezoelectric materials
Ceramics Single crystals
Polymers
Composites
11.3.5 Energy harvesting piezoelectric devices
11.3.6 Applications
11.4 Pyroelectric materials 11.4.1 The pyroelectric effect
11.4.2 Types of pyroelectric materials
11.4.3 Pyroelectric cycles for energy harvesting
11.4.4 Pyroelectric harvesting devices
11.4.5 Applications
11.5 Magnetic Induction system
11.5.1 Architecture and Operational Mechanism
11.5.2 Magnet-through-coil Induction 11.5.2.1 Geometry
11.5.2.2 Magnetic flux Generated by the Bar Magnet
11.5.2.3 Coil Inductance and Resistance
11.5.2.4 Voltage and Power Generation
11.5.3 Magnet-across-coils Induction
11.5.3.1 Geometry 11.5.3.2 Magnetic Field Generated by the Magnets
11.5.3.3 Magnetic Field Generated by Coil Current
11.5.3.4 Coil Self-Inductance, Mutual Inductance, and Resistance
11.5.3.5 Voltage and Power Generation
11.5.4 Magnetic materials
11.5.5 Magnetic devices
11.5.6 Applications 11.6 Mechanoelectric energy harvesting materials
References
Exercises
12 Perspectives and future trends
12.1 Sustainability
12.1.1 Efficient use of energy-intensive materials
12.1.2 Retention of strategic materials
12.1.3 Extraction technologies to recycle strategic materials 12.1.4 Green manufacturing and energy production processes
12.1.5 Mitigation of negative impacts of energy technology and economic growth
12.2 Metamaterials and nanomaterials for energy systems
12.3 Artificial photosynthesis
12.4 Structural power composites
12.5 Future energy storage materials
12.6 Hybrid Alternative Energy Systems
12.6.1 Combining alternative energy components 12.6.2 Uses for hybrid energy systems
12.6.3 Solar and wind power combinations
12.6.4 Pumped-storage and wind generated hydroelectricity
12.6.5 Harvesting zero-point energy from the vacuum
12.6.6 Combined energy harvesting techniques
Reference
Exercises
2.1.4.2.3 Burger's vector and burger circuit
2.1.4.2.4 Dislocation motion
2.1.4.3 Planar defects
2.1.4.3.1 Grain boundaries
2.1.4.3.2 Twin boundaries
2.1.4.4 Three-dimensional defects
2.1.5 Diffusion in solids
2.1.5.1 Atomic theory
2.1.5.2 Random walk
2.1.5.3 Other mass transport mechanisms
2.1.5.3.1 Permeability versus diffusion
2.1.5.3.2 Convection versus diffusion
2.1.5.4 Mathematics of diffusion
2.1.5.4.1 Steady state diffusion
2.1.5.4.2 Non-steady state diffusion
2.1.6 Electronic structure of solids
2.1.6.1 Waves and electrons 2.1.6.1.2 Representation of waves
2.1.6.1.2 Matter waves
2.1.6.1.3 Superposition
2.1.6.1.4 Electron waves
2.1.6.2 Quantum mechanics
2.1.6.3 Electron energy band representations
2.1.6.4 Real energy band structures
2.1.6.5 Other aspects of electron energy band structure
2.2 Phase equilibria 2.2.1 The Gibbs phase rule
2.2.1.1 The phase rule on equilibrium among phases<
2.2.1.2 Applications of the phase rule
2.2.1.3 Construction of phase diagrams
2.2.1.4 The tie line principle
2.2.1.5 The lever rule
2.2.2 Nucleation and growth of phases
2.2.2.1 Thermodynamics of phase transformations 2.2.2.2 Nucleation
2.3 Mechanical properties
2.3.1 Elasticity relationships
2.3.1.1 Ture versus engineering strain
2.3.1.2 Nature of elasticity and Young's Modulus
2.3.1.3 Hook's law
2.3.1.4 Poisson's ratio
2.3.1.5 Normal forces
2.3.2 Plasticity observations 2.3.3 Role of dislocation in deformation of crystalline materials
2.3.4 Deformation of noncrystalline materials
2.3.4.1 Thermal behavior of amorphous solids
2.3.4.2 Time-dependent deformation of amorphous materials
2.3.4.3 Models for network
2.3.4.4 Elastomers
2.4 Electronic properties of materials
2.4.1 Occupation of electronic states 2.4.1.1 Density of states function
2.4.1.2 The Fermi-Dirac distribution function
2.4.1.3 Occupancy of electronic states
2.4.2 Position of the Fermi energy
2.4.3 Electronic properties of metals
2.4.3.1 Free electron theory for electrical conduction
2.4.3.2 Quantum theory of electronic conduction
2.4.3.3 Superconductivity
2.4.4 Semiconductors
2.4.4.1 Intrinsic semiconductors
2.4.4.2 Extrinsic semiconductors
2.4.4.3 Semiconductor measurements
2.4.5 Electrical behavior of organic materials
2.4.6 Junctions and devices and the nanoscale
2.4.6.1 Junctions
2.4.6.1.1 Metal-metal junctions
2.4.6.1.2 Metal-semiconductor junctions 2.4.6.1.3 Semiconductor-semiconductor PN junctions
2.4.6.2 Selected devices
2.4.6.2.1 Passive devices
2.4.6.2.2 Active devices
2.4.6.3 Nanostructures and nanodevices
2.4.6.3.1 Heterojunction nanostructures
2.4.6.3.2 2-D and 3-D nanostructures
2.5 Computational modeling of materials 2.5.1 The challenge of complexity
2.5.2 Materials design with predictive capability
2.5.3 Materials modeling approaches
2.6 Advanced experimental techniques for materials characterization
2.6.1 Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy
2.6.2 Nanoindentation
2.6.3 Light microscopy
2.6.4 Electron microscopy 2.6.5 Atom probe tomography
2.6.6 Advanced X-ray characterization
2.6.7 Neutron scattering
2.7 Integrated materials process control
2.7.1 Process control and its constituents
2.7.1.1 Sensing techniques
2.7.1.2 Input parameters for combustion control
2.7.2 Diagnostic techniques 2.3.2.1 Optical diagnostics
2.3.2.2 Solid-state sensors
2.8 Summary
Reference
Exercises
3 Advanced materials enable energy production from fossil fuels
Abstract 3.1 Materials technology status and challenges in fossil energy systems
3.1.1 Boilers
3.1.2 Steam turbines
3.1.3 Gas turbines
3.1.4 Gasifiers
3.1.5 CO2 capture and storage
3.1.6 Perspectives
3.2 Materials for ultra-supercritical applications
3.2.1 High temperature alloys 3.2.2 Advanced refractory materials for slagging gasifiers
3.2.3 Breakthrough materials
3.3 Coatings and protection materials for steam system
3.3.1 High temperature and high pressure coatings
3.3.2 Oxygen ion selective ceramic membranes for carbon capture 3.4 Materials for deep oil and gas well drilling and construction
3.4.1 High stress and corrosion resistant propping agents
3.4.2 Erosion- and corrosion-resistant coatings
3.4.3 Wear resistant coatings 3.4.4 High strength and corrosion resistant alloys for use in well
casings and deep well drill pipe
3.5 Materials for sensing in harsh environments
References Exercises
4 Materials-based solutions to solar energy system
Abstract
4.1 Solar energy technologies 4.1.1 Photovoltaic technologies
4.1.1.1 Residential photovoltaic
4.1.1.2 Utility-scale flat-plate thin film photovoltaic 4.1.1.3 Utility-scale photovoltaic concentrators
4.1.2 Solar thermal technologies
4.1.2.1 Unglazed collectors 4.1.2.2 Glazed collectors
4.1.2.3 Parabolic trough
4.1.2.4 Vacuum tube collectors
4.1.2.5 Linear Fresnel lens reflectors
4.1.2.6 Solar Stirling engine
4.2 Photovoltaic materials and devices
4.2.1 Crystalline silicon PV cells 4.2.1.1 Mono-crystal silicon PVs
4.2.1.2 Polycrystalline silicon PVs
4.2.1.3 Emitter wrap-through cells
4.2.2 Thin-film PV cells
4.2.2.1 Amorphous Silicon Cells
4.2.2.1.1 Amorphous-Si, double or triple junctions 4.2.2.1.2 Tandem amorphous-Si and multi-crystalline-Si
4.2.2.2 Ultra-thin silicon wafers
4.2.2.3 Cadmium telluride and cadmium sulphide
4.2.2.4 Copper indium selenide and copper indium gallium selenide
4.2.3 Compound semiconductor PV cells
4.2.3.1 Space PV cells 4.2.3.2 Light absorbing dyes
4.2.3.3 Organic and polymer PV 4.2.3.4 Flexible plastic organic transparent cells
4.2.4 Nanotechnology for PV cell fabrication
4.2.4.1 Silicon nanowires 4.2.4.2 Carbon nanotubes
4.2.4.3 Graphene-based solar cells 4.2.4.4 Quantum dots
4.2.4.5 Hot carrier solar cell 4.2.4.6 Nanoscale surfaces reduce reflection and increase
capture of the full spectrum of sunlight
4.2.5 Hybrid solar cells
4.2.5.1 Hybrid organic-metal PVs
4.2.5.2 Hybrid organic-organic PVs 4.2.6 Inexpensive plastic solar cells or panels that are mounted on
curved surfaces
4.3 Advanced materials for solar thermal collectors
4.3.1 Desirable features of solar thermal collector materials
4.3.1.1 Transparent cover
4.3.1.2 Insulation
4.3.1.3 Evacuated-tube collectors 4.3.2 Polymer materials in solar thermal collectors
4.3.3 Corrosion resistant materials in contact with molten salts
4.4 Reflecting materials for solar cookers
4.5 Optical materials for absorbers
4.5.1 Metals
4.5.2 Selective coatings
4.5.2.1 Intrinsic absorption coatings
4.5.2.2 Semiconductor-metal tandems 4.5.2.3 Multilayer absorbers
4.5.2.4 Metal-dielectric composite coatings
4.5.2.5 Surface texturing
4.5.2.6 Selectively solar-transmitting coating on a blackbody-like absorber
4.5.3 Heat pipes
4.5.4 Metamaterial solar absorbers
4.5.4.1 Metal-dielectric nanocomposites with tailored plasmonic response
4.5.4.2 Light weight broadband nanocomposite perfect absorbers
4.3.4.3 Prospects and future trends
4.6 Thermal energy storage materials
4.6.1 Sensible thermal energy storage
4.6.2 Underground thermal energy storage
4.6.3 Phase change materials
4.6.4 Thermal energy storage via chemical reactions
Reference
Exercises
5 Advanced materials enable renewable geothermal energy capture and generation
Abstract
5.1 Geothermal technologies
5.1.1 Geothermal resources for geothermal energy development
5.1.2 Geothermal electricity
5.1.3 Enhanced geothermal systems and other advanced geothermal technologies
5.1.4 Direct use of geothermal energy
5.2 Hard materials for downhole rock drilling
5.3 Advanced cements for geothermal wells
5.4 Geothermal heat pumps
5.4.1 Pumping materials
5.4.2 Pumping technology
5.4.3 Heat pump applications
5.5 Materials for transmission pipelines and distribution netorks
5.6 Materials for heat exchange systems 5.6.1 Heat exchange fluids
5.6.2 Heat exchanger coatings
5.6.3 Polymer heat exchangers
5.6.4 Heat convector materials
5.6.5 Refrigeration materials for cooling systems 5.7 Corrosion protection and material selection for geothermal systems
Reference
Exercises
6 Advanced materials enable renewable wind energy capture and generation
Abstract
6.1 Wind resources 6.1.1 Wind quality
6.1.2 Variation of wind speed with elevation
6.1.3 Air density
6.1.4 Wind forecasting 6.1.5 Offshore wind
6.1.6 Maximum wind turbine efficiency: The Betz ratio
6.2 Materials requirements of wind machinery and generating systems
6.2.1 Driven components 6.2.1.1 Shafts
6.2.1.2 Bearings
6.2.1.3 Couplings
6.2.1.4 Gear boxes 6.2.1.5 Generators
6.2.2 Tower
6.2.2.1 Tower structure
6.2.2.2 Tower flange 6.2.2.3 Power electronics
6.2.3 Rotor
6.2.3.1 Blade
6.2.3.2 Blade extender 6.2.3.3 Hub
6.2.3.4 Pitch drive
6.2.4 Nacelle
6.2.4.1 Case
6.2.4.2 Frame 6.2.4.3 Anemometer
6.2.4.4 Brakes
6.2.4.5 Controller
6.2.4.6 Convertor 6.2.4.7 Cooling system
6.2.4.8 Sensors
6.2.4.9 Yaw drive
6.2.5 Balance-of-station subsystems 6.2.6 System design challenges
6.3 Wind turbine types and structures
6.3.1 Horizontal-axis wind turbines
6.3.2 Vertical-axis wind turbines
6.3.3 Upwind wind turbines and downwind wind turbines
6.3.4 Darrieus turbines 6.3.5 Savonius turbines
6.3.6 Giant Multi-megawatt turbines
6.4 General materials used in wind turbines
6.4.1 Cast iron and steel
6.4.2 Composite materials 6.4.3 Rare earth elements in magnet
6.4.4 Copper
6.4.5 Reinforced concrete
6.5 Light weight composite materials for wind turbine blades 6.5.1 Reinforcement
6.5.2 Matrix
6.6 Smart and stealth wind turbine blade materials
6.7 Permanent-magnet generators for wind turbine applications
6.8 Future prospects Reference
Exercises
7 Advanced materials for ocean energy and hydropower
7.1 Materials requirements for ocean energy technologies
7.1.1 Tidal power
7.1.2 Ocean current
7.1.3 Wave energy
7.1.4 Ocean thermal energy 7.1.5 Salinity gradient
7.2 Advanced materials and devices for ocean energy
7.2.1 Structure & prime mover
7.2.2 Foundations & moorings 7.2.3 Power take off
7.2.4 Control
7.2.5 Installation
7.2.6 Connection
7.2.7 Operations & maintenance
7.3 Wave energy converters 7.3.1 Types of WEC
7.4 Tidal energy converters
7.4.1. Types of TEC
7.4.2. Further Permutations
7.5 Arrays 7.6 Challenges faced by the ocean energy
7.6.1 Predictability
7.6.2 Manufacturability
7.6.3 Installability 7.6.4 Operability
7.6.5 Survivability
7.6.6 Reliability
7.6.7 Affordability
7.7 Materials requirements for hydropower system 7.7.1 Retaining structure materials for dams and dikes
7.7.2 Structural materials and surface coatings for turbines runners, draft tubes
and penstocks
Reference
Exercises 8 Biomass for bioenergy
8.1 Materials requirements for biomass technologies
8.1.1 Biomass for power and heat
8.1.2 Biogas 8.1.3 Biofuels
8.1.4 Biorefineries
8.2 Corrosion resistant materials for biofuels
8.2.1 Metal and its alloys
8.2.2 Elastomers 8.3 Nanocatalysts for conversion of biomass to biofuel
8.3.1 Nanocatalysts for biomass gasification
8.3.2 Nanocatalysts for biomass liquefaction
8.4 Coal-to-liquid fuels 8.4.1 Basic chemistry
8.4.2 CTL technology options
8.5 Materials for combustion processes
8.6 Materials for capturing CO2 for using as a nutrient to cultivate alga
8.7 Materials for water filtration and desalination
Reference
Exercises 9 Hydrogen and fuel cells
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Hydrogen generation technology
9.2.1 Steam methane reforming
9.2.2 Electrolysis
9.3 Hydrogen conversion and storage technology
9.3.1 Fuel cells
9.3.2 Hydrogen gas turbines
9.3.3 Compressed hydrogen gas
9.3.4 Liquid hydrogen storage in tanks 9.3.5 Physisorption of hydrogen and its storage in solid structures
9.4 Materials-based hydrogen storage
9.4.1 Nanoconfined hydrogen storage materials
9.4.2 Complex hydrides
9.4.3 Reversible hydrides
9.4.4 Hydrogen storage in carbonaceous materials 9.4.5 Hydrogen storage in zeolites and glass microspheres
9.4.6 Hydrogen storage in organic frameworks
9.4.7 Hydrogen Storage in Polymers
9.4.8 Hydrogen storage in formic acid
9.5 Fuel cell materials 9.5.1 Anode Materials
9.5.2 Cathode Materials
9.5.3 Electrolytes
9.5.4 Catalysts (Catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction) 9.5.5 Sputtering Targets
9.5.6 Current Collectors (Higher-temperature proton conducting materials)
9.5.7 Support Materials (Low-cost materials resistant to hydrogen-assisted
cracking and embrittlement) 9.6 Applications of fuel cells
9.6.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells
9.6.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
9.6.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
9.6.4 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
9.6.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
9.6.6 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 9.6.7 Solid oxide fuel cells
9.6.8 Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
Reference
Exercises
10 Role of materials to advanced nuclear energy Abstract
10.1 Fission and fusion technologies
10.1.1 Nuclear reactors
10.1.2 Nuclear power fuel resources (fuel cycle)
10.1.3 Fusion energy 10.1.3.1 Magnetic fusion energy
10.1.3.2 Inertial fusion energy
10.2 Materials selection criteria
10.2.1 General considerations 10.2.2 General mechanical properties
10.2.2.1 Fabricability
10.2.2.2 Dimension stability 10.2.2.3 Corrosion resistance
10.2.2.4 Heat transfer properties
10.2.3 Special considerations 10.2.3.1 Neutronic properties
10.2.3.2 Susceptibility to induced radioactivity 10.2.3.3 Radiation stability
10.3 Materials for reactor components
10.3.1 Structure and fuel cladding materials
10.3.1.1 Advanced radiation resistant structural materials
10.3.1.1.1 Ultrahigh strength alloys 10.3.1.1.1 Ultrahigh toughness ceramic composites
10.3.1.2 Advanced refractory, ceramic, graphitic or coated materials
10.3.1.3 Corrosion and damage resistant materials 10.3.1.4 Pressure vessel steel
10.3.1.4.1 Corrosion resistant nickel base alloys
10.3.1.4.2 Dimensionally stable zirconium fuel cladding
10.3.1.5 Ultra high temperature resistance structural materials 10.3.2 Moderators and reflectors
10.3.3 Control materials
10.3.4 Coolants
10.3.5 Shielding materials 10.4 Nuclear fuels
10.4.1 Metallic fuels
10.4.2 Ceramic fuels
10.5 Cladding materials ^ Zirconium-based cladding 3-14 10.5.2 Iron-based cladding 3-19
10.5.3 Advanced gas-cooled reactor cladding 3-19
10.6 Low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter
10.7 Advanced computational materials performance modeling References
Exercises
11. Emerging materials for energy harvesting
11. 1 Introduction
11.2 Thermoelectric Materials
11.2.1 Characterizations of thermoelectric Materials
11.2.2 Structures
Oxides and Silicides Half-Heusler compounds
Skutterudite Materials
Clatherate Materials
11.2.3 Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Fermi Surface
Morphology 11.2.4 Nano-materials
11.2.5 Applications
11.3 Piezoelectric Materials
11.3.1 Fundamentals of piezoelectricity
11.3.2 Equivalent circuit of a piezoelectric harvester
11.3.4 Advances of piezoelectric materials
Ceramics Single crystals
Polymers
Composites
11.3.5 Energy harvesting piezoelectric devices
11.3.6 Applications
11.4 Pyroelectric materials 11.4.1 The pyroelectric effect
11.4.2 Types of pyroelectric materials
11.4.3 Pyroelectric cycles for energy harvesting
11.4.4 Pyroelectric harvesting devices
11.4.5 Applications
11.5 Magnetic Induction system
11.5.1 Architecture and Operational Mechanism
11.5.2 Magnet-through-coil Induction 11.5.2.1 Geometry
11.5.2.2 Magnetic flux Generated by the Bar Magnet
11.5.2.3 Coil Inductance and Resistance
11.5.2.4 Voltage and Power Generation
11.5.3 Magnet-across-coils Induction
11.5.3.1 Geometry 11.5.3.2 Magnetic Field Generated by the Magnets
11.5.3.3 Magnetic Field Generated by Coil Current
11.5.3.4 Coil Self-Inductance, Mutual Inductance, and Resistance
11.5.3.5 Voltage and Power Generation
11.5.4 Magnetic materials
11.5.5 Magnetic devices
11.5.6 Applications 11.6 Mechanoelectric energy harvesting materials
References
Exercises
12 Perspectives and future trends
12.1 Sustainability
12.1.1 Efficient use of energy-intensive materials
12.1.2 Retention of strategic materials
12.1.3 Extraction technologies to recycle strategic materials 12.1.4 Green manufacturing and energy production processes
12.1.5 Mitigation of negative impacts of energy technology and economic growth
12.2 Metamaterials and nanomaterials for energy systems
12.3 Artificial photosynthesis
12.4 Structural power composites
12.5 Future energy storage materials
12.6 Hybrid Alternative Energy Systems
12.6.1 Combining alternative energy components 12.6.2 Uses for hybrid energy systems
12.6.3 Solar and wind power combinations
12.6.4 Pumped-storage and wind generated hydroelectricity
12.6.5 Harvesting zero-point energy from the vacuum
12.6.6 Combined energy harvesting techniques
Reference
Exercises
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Autoren-Porträt von Colin Tong
Colin Tong is a materials expert with considerable professional experience in the past two decades. He received his PhD from Tsinghua University, and has been a researcher at the University of Michigan and at Arizona State University. Dr. Tong has published three books, over 30 peer-reviewed articles, and he holds 7 patents.
Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Colin Tong
- 2019, 1st ed. 2019, 911 Seiten, 235 farbige Abbildungen, Masse: 16 x 24,1 cm, Gebunden, Englisch
- Verlag: Springer, Berlin
- ISBN-10: 3319980017
- ISBN-13: 9783319980010
- Erscheinungsdatum: 02.01.2019
Sprache:
Englisch
Pressezitat
"The book fulfills its intension of providing to students in science and engineering a comprehensive understanding of different energy processes and what role materials play in this conjunction. Also, it gives interested engineers and scientists an insight in this matter." (Materials and Corrosion, Vol. 70 (11), 2019)Kommentar zu "Introduction to Materials for Advanced Energy Systems"
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