Fibonacci's Liber Abaci

Introduction
/ Liber Abaci
/ Notes for Liber Abaci
/ Bibliography

"Leonardo of Pisa's Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation) is one of the most important books in the history of European mathematics. Leonardo learned his mathematics from the Islamic mathematical tradition (some have even argued that he should be considered part of that tradition), but he wrote his books in Latin. As a result, he became one of the most important mediators of that tradition to European readers. The Liber Abaci focused on "calculation." From our point of view, most of the contents are either arithmetic or algebra. It starts off with an extensive and detailed discussion of the use of "the nine Indian figures" to represent numbers and to perform arithmetical operations with them. The "nine figures" are, of course, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, with 0 being treated as a separate sign. The book then goes on to deal with a large number of problems that we would describe as algebraic. Most of these reduce to linear equations (this includes systems of linear equations and also linear diophantine equations). The final chapter discusses quadratic equations. All of this is done, of course, without any sort of algebraic symbolism. As Heinz Lueneberg has pointed out in a recent issue of FOCUS, this is an amazing book, and it is somewhat frustrating that we had to wait for the 800th anniversary of its original publication to see an English translation. But here it is at last, the Liber Abaci in English. It is now possible for mathematicians who are interested in history to read it, and for students to read portions of it in their history courses. One final comment: attentive readers will note that the name "Fibonacci" does not occur in this brief review. That is because Leonardo never used that name: it is a nickname given to him by a 19th century historian of mathematics. I'm enough of a purist to want to refer to Leonardo as he referred to himself: Leonardo of Pisa, of the Bonacci family. He was a great mathematician, and here is.

From the reviews:

"Leonardo of Pisa's Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation) is one of the most important books in the history of European mathematics. Leonardo learned his mathematics from the Islamic mathematical tradition (some have even argued that he should be considered part of that tradition), but he wrote his books in Latin. As a result, he became one of the most important mediators of that tradition to European readers.

The Liber Abaci focused on "calculation." From our point of view, most of the contents are either arithmetic or algebra. It starts off with an extensive and detailed discussion of the use of "the nine Indian figures" to represent numbers and to perform arithmetical operations with them. The "nine figures" are, of course, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, with 0 being treated as a separate sign. The book then goes on to deal with a large number of problems that we would describe as algebraic. Most of these reduce to linear equations (this includes systems of linear equations and also linear diophantine equations). The final chapter discusses quadratic equations. All of this is done, of course, without any sort of algebraic symbolism.

As Heinz Lueneberg has pointed out in a recent issue of FOCUS, this is an amazing book, and it is somewhat frustrating that we had to wait for the 800th anniversary of its original publication to see an English translation. But here it is at last, the Liber Abaci in English. It is now possible for mathematicians who are interested in history to read it, and for students to read portions of it in their history courses.

One final comment: attentive readers will note that the name "Fibonacci" does not occur in this brief review. That is because Leonardo never used that name: it is a nickname given to him by a 19th century historian of mathematics. I'm enough of a purist to want to refer to Leonardo as he referred to himself: Leonardo of Pisa, of the Bonacci family. He was a great