Effects of Herbicide-Tolerant Crop Cultivation

     Foreword.- 1. Mechanisms of herbicide resistance and HTV breeding techniques.- 1.1. From herbicide modes of action to genetic determinants of the HT trait.- 1.2. Introducing the HT trait into the genome of a cultivated species.- 1.3. Perspectives on the evolution of HTV breeding techniques.- 1.4. Existing HTVs.- Conclusions.- 2. HTV diffusion and use.- 2.1. HTV adoption worldwide.- 2.2. Possible drivers of HTV adoption.- 2.3. The North American example: the expansion of transgenic HTVs and its consequences.- 2.4. Specificities of the social and regulatory context of HTV adoption in Europe.- Conclusions.- 3. Diffusion of the HT trait and the appearance of herbicide resistance.- 3.1. Mechanisms and consequences of HT trait diffusion.- 3.2. The spontaneous appearance of resistant weeds.- Conclusions.- 4. The development of HTV cropping systems.- 4.1. Effects on weed flora of HTV adoption and associated practices.- 4.2. Conditions specific to the introduction of HTVs inFrance.- Conclusions.- 5. Effects on the environment.- 5.1. Environmental contamination: wetlands and soil.- 5.2. Herbicide residues in and on crop plants.- 5.3. Impacts of HTVs on wild biodiversity.- Conclusions.- General conclusions.- Annex 1. Mission statement for the HTV ESCo.- Annex 2. HRAC classification of herbicides according to site of action.