Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Flower Producers in Ecuador
(Sprache: Englisch)
The goal of this study is the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions which occur during the production of Ecuadorian Flowers. Emissions are considered beginning with the production of raw materials up to the point where the flowers are sold to the final...
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The goal of this study is the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions which occur during the production of Ecuadorian Flowers. Emissions are considered beginning with the production of raw materials up to the point where the flowers are sold to the final wholesale.This book describes the current status of international standardisation with their relevance to the calculation. Currently there are no official regulations for CO2 calculations. Because most of the flowers are sold to Europe the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) regulations ISO 14040 ff have been applied for the methodology and the creation of the system model. The importance of this standard has been pointed out as it will be the basis for upcoming European CO2 regulations. Nowadays a widely accepted method is the greenhouse gas protocol which has been used partly for the calculations because only few sectors (e.g. transportation) are covered. Further on the model of flower production is introduced. The model includes all processes and the system boundaries. Significant factors contributing to the greenhouse gas emissions are defined as airfreight of flower to the final market, consumption of electricity and usage of fertilizers on the farm.
The process of collecting data is another subject of this study, including the last audit data from the Flower Label Program (FLP) as well as independently created inquiries and visits on the pilot farms. The calculation of CO2 emissions is comprised. The sources of the emissions factors are described in the beginning, which are mostly extracted from LCA software.
Furthermore this book proposes the next steps on the way to CO2 neutral flowers. Firstly the calculation has to be certified by an independent organisation. Subsequently a decision on CO2 compensation has to be taken. The purchase of CO2 certificates from official or voluntary stock exchanges was recommended because self managed CO2 projects need start-up time. The last step is the marketing of the new
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product, which should be realized with a CO2 label widely accepted in the distribution markets. Parallel the farms should start to optimize their farms according to CO2 emissions.
Since global warming potential is only one measurement of interference with nature other criteria should be investigated as: How is the quality of ground water? To what extend occurs acidification in the cultivated areas? An integrated LCA analysis would give answers to these questions.
Since global warming potential is only one measurement of interference with nature other criteria should be investigated as: How is the quality of ground water? To what extend occurs acidification in the cultivated areas? An integrated LCA analysis would give answers to these questions.
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'Text sample:Chapter 3 Data Inventory:
After the main contributors have been determined and the system borders defined the data collection is the next step. It was decided to use a two step method to ensure completeness and correctness of the data.
Firstly a data enquiry was created which included question to all consumptions and production data. The PAS refers to this data as primary data. Although it takes a lot of effort to receive all primary data, this ambition was made to calculate the emissions as realistic as possible. This enquiry has been send to the pilot farms. It consisted of nine parts which are related to the elementary flows or the 8 processes described in Chapter 3.
The first part contained general data of the farms such as direction, size of the farm or employees. The farm size varied between 15 and 47 hectare and the employment between 200 and 600 workers.
The production of the farms was subject of the second part, the third part dealt with the elementary flow of fuels used.
Transportation was subject to the fourth part and included the transportation of employees, means of production to the farm, business trips of employees and the transport of flowers to the final vendor, mostly to the US, Europe and Russia. Consumption of water, external electricity and internal generation was asked for in part 5.
The usage of chemicals was matter of the next part including country of production and content of the main ingredients nitrogen (N), phosphor (P) and potassium (K) for fertilizers and percentage of active ingredient for pesticides.
In part 7 the packaging and other means of production such as protective clothing and printing paper were covered.
Finally the farms had the chance to include missed emissions in part 9. Each requested number (consumption, production data, etc.) received a unique identity in the enquiry. The number was put in the calculation later to retrace the source data.
The backflow of the farms was different. While most
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farms returned complete data, one farm returned only little information. After the reception of the filled enquiries every farm was visited to collect the missing data and to discuss contradictory data of the mass flows. The calculation of the mass balance helps to avoid mistakes. The input of production goods is compared to the output of finished materials and waste. Data is missing if one value is higher than the other.
Additionally data from the audits of FLP were used to verify the data quality. FLP recertifies every farm each year and collects general data such as utilization of pesticides, fertilizers and electricity. This information helped to identify deviated data.
4 Calculation and Results:
In this chapter all emissions are processed in the same manner. Realistic factors for each elementary flow are described with data sources and the cumulated emissions illustrated in figures. The emphasis was put on the main contributing factors. Low utilization of a mean of production resulted in less effort of finding an appropriate factor.
To compare the data of the different farms normalization is applied as recommended by ISO. The emissions of farms are normalized to kilogram CO2 equivalents per kilogram rose exported.
The first unit [kg CO2 Eq.] is used because CO2 is the "leading" greenhouse gas. Therefore emissions are calculated as CO2 equivalents. Because GHG's have a different exposure time the period considered is defined with 100 years.
The second unit [per kg rose] is chosen because the flowers of the different farms have a different weight which differs from 14 - 64 grams for summer flowers and 63 - 88 grams for roses.
4.1 Data Sources for the Emissions Factors:
In the last publication of the PAS it was stated that "it is [not] sufficient to simply record the source of secondary used. We agree with the majority of experts that a selected number of secondary data sources s
Additionally data from the audits of FLP were used to verify the data quality. FLP recertifies every farm each year and collects general data such as utilization of pesticides, fertilizers and electricity. This information helped to identify deviated data.
4 Calculation and Results:
In this chapter all emissions are processed in the same manner. Realistic factors for each elementary flow are described with data sources and the cumulated emissions illustrated in figures. The emphasis was put on the main contributing factors. Low utilization of a mean of production resulted in less effort of finding an appropriate factor.
To compare the data of the different farms normalization is applied as recommended by ISO. The emissions of farms are normalized to kilogram CO2 equivalents per kilogram rose exported.
The first unit [kg CO2 Eq.] is used because CO2 is the "leading" greenhouse gas. Therefore emissions are calculated as CO2 equivalents. Because GHG's have a different exposure time the period considered is defined with 100 years.
The second unit [per kg rose] is chosen because the flowers of the different farms have a different weight which differs from 14 - 64 grams for summer flowers and 63 - 88 grams for roses.
4.1 Data Sources for the Emissions Factors:
In the last publication of the PAS it was stated that "it is [not] sufficient to simply record the source of secondary used. We agree with the majority of experts that a selected number of secondary data sources s
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Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Maximilian Martin
- 2016, 68 Seiten, 39 Abbildungen, Masse: 15,5 x 22 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Verlag: Anchor Academic Publishing
- ISBN-10: 3954893878
- ISBN-13: 9783954893874
Sprache:
Englisch
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