The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Chromium (PDF)

Preface ix Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction - The Current Status of Chromium(III) 1 References 5 2 Is Chromium Essential? The Evidence 7 2.1 'Chromium-Deficient' Diet Studies with Rats 9 2.2 Total Parenteral Nutrition 11 2.3 Chromium Absorption Versus Intake and the Transport of Chromium by Transferrin 12 2.4 Chromium Movement Related to Stresses 21 References 25 3 The Story of Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF) 31 3.1 The 'Identification' of GTF 31 3.2 Brewer's Yeast 'GTF' 35 3.3 Biological Activity Assays 39 3.4 Porcine Kidney Powder 'GTF' 40 3.5 Other Questions Regarding 'GTF' 40 3.6 Conclusions about GTF 41 3.7 The Race to Synthesize a Model of 'GTF' 42 3.8 Related Animal Studies 43 References 48 4 Is Chromium Effective as a Nutraceutical? 55 4.1 Chromium Picolinate Absorption 55 4.2 History of Chromium Picolinate as a Nutritional Supplement 57 4.3 Chromium Picolinate Toxic Effects? 73 4.4 Inorganic Chemistry of Chromium Picolinate 73 References 75 5 Is Chromium(III) Effective as a Therapeutic Agent? 81 5.1 Human Studies 85 5.1.1 Type 2 Diabetes 85 5.1.2 Subjects with Insulin Resistance or Glucose Intolerance 98 5.1.3 Other Forms of Diabetes 98 5.1.4 Atypical Depression and Related Conditions 99 5.1.5 HIV and PCOS 101 5.2 Rat Studies 102 5.3 Conclusion 114 References 115 6 Biochemical Mechanisms 125 6.1 The Insulin Signalling Pathway 125 6.2 Chromium Transport and Excretion 127 6.3 LMWCr/Chromodulin 132 6.4 Synthetic Models of LMWCr 144 6.5 Proposed Mechanisms of Chromium Action 149 6.5.1 Direct Chromium Binding to Insulin Receptor 149 6.5.2 Akt 151 6.5.3 Cholesterol 152 6.5.4 Chromate 152 6.5.5 Cytokines 154 6.5.6 Insulin Receptor Number 155 6.6 Comparison of Cell Culture Studies by Cell Type 155 6.6.1 Skeletal Muscle 155 6.6.2 Hepatocytes 156 6.6.3 Adipocytes 156 6.7 Conclusion 158 References 159 7 Menagerie of Chromium Supplements 169 7.1 Chromium Picolinate 169 7.2 Chromium Nicotinate (or Chromium Polynicotinate) 170 7.3 Chromium Histidine 172 7.4

Professor John B. Vincent, Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, USA
Professor Vincent has been working in the area of the bioinorganic chemistry of chromium(III) for nearly 20 years. He has ~125 peer-reviewed publications, book chapters, review articles, and books and 9 patents. He has recently completed a general chemistry laboratory manual for Pearson/Prentice Hall; the second edition of this manual will appear in early 2010. He has presented his research on chromium at numerous regional, national, and international meetings.

Professor Diane M. Stearns, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, USA
Professor Stearns is a metal toxicologist and has been working in the field of inorganic biochemistry and metal toxicology for over 20 years. She has been teaching graduate courses in toxicology, biochemistry, and cancer biology for over 12 years. She has published 23 peer-reviewed research articles and 8 invited reviews and book chapters on metals. She has presented results of metal toxicology research at numerous scientific conferences and invited seminars.

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