Wetlands: Functioning, Biodiversity Conservation, and Restoration

1 Introduction: Wetland Functioning in Relation to Biodiversity Conservation and Restoration R. Bobbink, D.F. Whigham, B. Beltman, and J.T.A. Verhoeven

Section I: Functioning of Plants and Animals in Wetlands

2 Plant Survival in Wet Environments: Resilience and Escape Mediated by Shoot Systems M.B. Jackson

2.1 Introduction

2.2 How Excess Water Threatens Plant Life

2.2.1 Excluding and Trapping Effects of Water

2.2.3 The Energy Crisis

2.3 Resilience

2.3.1 Oxygen Shortage

2.3.2 Shortage of Carbon Dioxide

2.4 Escape

2.4.1 Aerobic Shoot Extension (the Aerobic Escape)

2.4.2 Anaerobic Shoot Extension (the Anaerobic Escape)

2.5 Conclusions and Summary References

3 Center Stage: The Crucial Role of Macrophytes in Regulating Trophic Interactions in Shallow Lake Wetlands R.L. Burks, G. Mulderij, E. Gross, I. Jones, L. Jacobsen, E. Jeppesen, and E. van Donk

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Central Position of Aquatic Vegetation

3.2.1 Central Themes: Zooplankton Depend on Macrophytes as Habitats

3.2.2 Central Themes: Chemical Ecology Spans Trophic Levels

3.2.3 Central Themes: Impacts of Grazer--Epiphyton Interactions with Macrophytes

3.2.4 Central Themes: Prevalance of Fish Influence in Shallow Lakes

3.3 In the Wings: Research Areas Worthy of Attention

3.3.1 Predictability of Macrophyte Function in Trophic Interactions Across a Climatic Gradient

3.3.2 Relative Importance of Chemical Ecology Across Trophic Levels

3.3.3 Disproportional Impacts of Certain Invertebrates and Exotic Species

3.4 Returning to Center Stage: Macrophytes are Common Players in Trophic Interactions References

4 Biological Invasions: Concepts to Understand and Predict a Global Threat G. van der Velde, S. Rajagopal, M. Kuyper-Kollenaar, A.bij de Vaate, D.W. Thieltges, and H.J. MacIsaac

4.1 Introduction

4.2 What is a Biological Invasion?

4.3 Impacts of Biological Invasions

4.3.1 Ecological Impacts

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