Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry

INTRODUCTION SOLUTE-SOLVENT INTERACTIONS Solutions Intermolecular Forces Solvation Preferential Solvation Micellar Solvation (Solubilization) Ionization and Dissociation CLASSIFICATION OF SOLVENTS Classification of Solvents According to Chemical Constitution Classification of Solvents Using Physical Constants Classification of Solvents in Terms of Acid-Base Behaviour Classification of Solvents in Terms of Specific Solute/Solvent Interactions Classification of Solvents Using Multivariate Statistical Methods SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE POSITION OF HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA General Remarks Solvent Effects on Acid/Base Equilibria Solvent Effects on Tautomeric Equilibria Solvent Effects on other Equilibria SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE RATES OF HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS General Remarks Gas-Phase Reactivities Qualitative Theory of Solvent Effects on Reaction Rates Quantitative Theories of Solvent Effects on Reaction Rates Specific Solvation Effects on Reaction Rates SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS General Remarks Solvent Effects on UV/Vis Spectra Solvent Effects on Infrared Spectra Solvent Effects on Electron Spin Resonance Spectra Solvent Effects on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra EMPIRICAL PARAMETERS OF SOLVENT POLARITY Linear Gibbs Energy Relationships Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Equilibrium Measurements Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Kinetic Measurements Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Spectroscopic Measurements Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Other Measurements Interrelation and Application of Solvent Polarity Parameters Multiparameter Approaches SOLVENTS AND GREEN CHEMISTRY Green Chemistry Reduction of Solvent Use Green Solvent Selection Non-Traditional Solvents Outlook APPENDIX: PROPERTIES, PURIFICATION, AND USE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS Physical Properties Purification of Organic Solvents Spectroscopic Solvents Solvents as Reaction Media Solvents for Recrystallization Solvents

Christian Reichardt obtained his Ph.D. in 1962 under the tutelage of Prof. K. Dimroth at the university of Marburg, and completed his Habilitation in 1967. Since 1971 he has been Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Philipps University Marburg. In 1988 he was visiting professor at the University of Barcelona, Spain, and 1998 at the University of Bratislava, Slovak Republic, and 2000 at the University of Oita/Japan. He has authored and co-authored more than 170 papers and patents, as well as two books. For his book on Solvent Effects he received in 1989 the literary prize of the "Fonds der Chemischen Industrie" in Frankfurt (Main). In 2000, he received the Marie-Sklodowska-Curie-Medal of the Polish Chemical Society. Tom Welton studied at the University of Sussex, graduating with a BSc (Hons) in Chemistry in 1985 and completed his DPhil, under the guidance of Prof. Seddon, in 1990. His interest in ionic liquids dates back to this time and has continued throughout his career. In 1993 he was awarded the prestigious Lloyd's of London Tercentenary Foundation fellowship, which he chose to take up at Imperial College. He has remained there, initially as a Lecturer, but now as a Professor in Sustainable Chemistry. He is the 2007 Christopher Ingold Lecturer awarded for excellence in physical organic chemistry. Since August 2007 he is head of the department of Chemistry at Imperial College.

"On the whole, we can agree with the opinion of Wiley--VCH that no other book now offers such exhaustive and deep information on the influence of solvents on chemical processes. This work is sure to be useful for all researchers, graduate students, and undergraduates working with liquid media." ( Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry , 2011) ?...the authors have managed to combine completeness of coverage of theoretical problems with the reference character of the book... The sections devoted to solvatochromism are valuable in themselves (Prof. Reichardt is a recognized world leader in this field) and prepare the reader for subsequent consideration of the versatile empirical parameters of the polarity of solvents... no other book now offers such exhaustive and deep information on the influence of solvents on chemical processes. This work is sure to be useful for all researchers, graduate students, and undergraduates working with liquid media.? Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2011, Vol. 85, No. 8

"...the authors have managed to combine completeness of coverage of theoretical problems with the reference character of the book... The sections devoted to solvatochromism are valuable in themselves (Prof. Reichardt is a recognized world leader in this field) and prepare the reader for subsequent consideration of the versatile empirical parameters of the polarity of solvents... no other book now offers such exhaustive and deep information on the influence of solvents on chemical processes. This work is sure to be useful for all researchers, graduate students, and undergraduates working with liquid media."Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2011, Vol. 85, No. 8