Oxford Textbook of Critical Care

Vasopressors in critical illness; 35 Vasodilators in critical illness; 36 Inotropic agents in critical illness; 37 Anti-anginal agents in critical illness; 38 Antiarrhythmics in critical illness; 39 Pulmonary vasodilators in critical illness; Part 2: Pharmacotherapeutics: Gastrointestinal drugs; 40 GI motility drugs in critical illness; 41 Stress ulcer prophylaxis and treatment drugs in critical illness; Part 2: Pharmacotherapeutics: Nervous system drugs; 42 Sedatives and anti-anxiety agents in critical illness; 43 Analgesics in critical illness; 44 Antidepressants in critical illness; 45 Antiseizure agents in critical illness; 46 Inhalational anesthetic agents in critical illness; 47 Muscle relaxants in critical illness; 48 Neuroprotective agents in critical illness; Part 2: Pharmacotherapeutics: Hormonal drugs; 49 Hormone therapies in critical illness; 50 Insulin and oral anti-hyperglycemic agents in critical illness; Part 2: Pharmacotherapeutics: Hematological drugs; 51 Anticoagulants and antithrombotics in critical illness; 52 Hemostatic agents in critical illness; Part 2: Pharmacotherapeutics: Antimicrobial and immunological drugs; 53 Antimicrobial drugs in critical illness; 54 Steroids in critical illness; 55 Immunotherapy in critical illness; Part 2: Pharmacotherapeutics: Fluids and diuretics; 56 Colloids in critical illness; 57 Crystalloids in critical illness; 58 Diuretics in critical illness; Part 3: Resuscitation: Respiratory management; 59 Airway management in cardiopulmonary resuscitation; 60 Artificial ventilation in cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Part 3: Resuscitation: Circulatory management; 61 Pathophysiology and causes of cardiac arrest; 62 Cardiac massage and blood flow management during cardiac arrest; 63 Defibrillation and pacing during cardiac arrest; 64 Therapeutic strategies in managing cardiac arrest; 65 Post-cardiac arrest arrhythmias; 66 Management after resuscitation from cardiac arrest; 67 Ethical and end-of-life issues after cardiac arrest; Part 3: Resuscitation: Fluid management; 68 Physiology of body fluids; 69 Choice of resuscitation fluid; 70 Therapeutic goals of fluid resuscitation; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Physiology; 71 Normal physiology of the respiratory system; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Respiratory monitoring; 72 Blood gas analysis in the critically ill; 73 Pulse oximetry and capnography in the ICU; 74 Respiratory system compliance and resistance in the critically ill; 75 Gas exchange principles in the critically ill; 76 Gas exchange assessment in the critically ill; 77 Respiratory muscle function in the critically ill; 78 Imaging the respiratory system in the critically ill; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Upper airway obstruction; 79 Airway obstruction in the critically ill; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Airway access; 80 Standard intubation in the ICU; 81 The difficult intubation in the ICU; 82 The surgical airway in the ICU; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Acute respiratory failure; 83 Dyspnoea in the critically ill; 84 Pulmonary mechanical dysfunction in the critically ill; 85 Hypoxemia in the critically ill; 86 Hypercapnia in the critically ill; 87 Cardiovascular interactions in respiratory failure; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Ventilatory support; 88 Physiology of positive-pressure ventilation; 89 Respiratory support with continuous positive airways pressure; 90 Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation; 91 Indications for mechanical ventilation; 92 Design and function of mechanical ventilators; 93 Setting rate, volume and time in ventilatory support; 94 Respiratory support with positive end-expiratory pressure; 95 Volume-controlled mechanical ventilation; 96 Pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation; 97 Pressure support ventilation; 98 High-frequency ventilation and oscillation; 99 Prone positioning in the ICU; 100 Failure to ventilate in critical illness; 101 Ventilator trauma in the critically ill; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Weaning ventilatory support; 102 Assessment and technique of weaning; 103 Weaning failure in critical illness; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Extracorporeal support; 104 Extracorporeal respiratory and cardiac support techniques in the ICU; 105 Treating respiratory failure with extracorporeal support in the ICU; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Aspiration and inhalation; 106 Aspiration of gastric contents in the critically ill; 107 Inhalation injury in the ICU; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; 108 Pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome; 109 Therapeutic strategy in acute respiratory distress syndrome; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Airflow limitation; 110 Pathophysiology and causes of airflow limitation; 111 Therapeutic approach to bronchospasm and asthma; 112 Therapeutic strategy in acute on chronic airflow limitation; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis; 113 Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy of respiratory acidosis; 114 Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy of respiratory alkalosis; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Pneumonia; 115 Pathophysiology of pneumonia; 116 Diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia; 117 Diagnosis and management of nosocomial pneumonia; 118 Diagnosis and management of atypical pneumonia; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Atelectasis and sputum retention; 119 Pathophysiology and prevention of sputum retention; 120 Lung recruitment techniques in the ICU; 121 Chest physiotherapy and tracheobronchial suction in the ICU; 122 Toilet bronchoscopy in the ICU; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Pleural cavity problems; 123 Pathophysiology of pleural cavity disorders; 124 Management of pneumothorax and bronchial fistulae; 125 Management of pleural effusion and hemothorax; Part 4: The Respiratory System: Hemoptysis; 126 Pathophysiology and causes; 127 Therapeutic approach; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Physiology; 128 Normal physiology of the cardiovascular system; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Cardiovascular monitoring; 129 ECG monitoring in the ICU; 130 Arterial and venous cannulation in the ICU; 131 Blood pressure monitoring in the ICU; 132 Central venous pressure monitoring in the ICU; 133 Pulmonary artery catheterization in the ICU; 134 Mixed and central venous oxygen saturation monitoring in the ICU; 135 Right ventricular function in the ICU; 136 Cardiac output assessment in the ICU; 137 Oxygen transport in the critically ill; 138 Tissue perfusion monitoring in the ICU; 139 Lactate monitoring in the ICU; 140 Measurement of extravascular lung water in the ICU; 141 Doppler echocardiography in the ICU; 142 Monitoring the microcirculation in the ICU; 143 Imaging the cardiovascular system in the ICU; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Acute chest pain and coronary syndromes; 144 Causes and diagnosis of chest pain; 145 Pathophysiology of coronary syndromes; 146 Diagnosis and management of non-STEMI coronary syndromes; 147 Diagnosis and management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Aortic dissection; 148 Pathophysiology, diagnosis & management of aortic dissection; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: The hypotensive patient; 149 Pathophysiology of shock; 150 Diagnosis and management of shock in the ICU; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac failure; 151 Pathophysiology and causes of cardiac failure; 152 Therapeutic strategy in cardiac failure; 153 Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in the ICU; 154 Ventricular assist devices in the ICU; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Tachyarrhythmias; 155 Causes and diagnosis of tachyarrythmias; 156 Therapeutic strategy in tachyarrhythmias; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Bradyarrhythmias; 157 Causes, diagnosis and therapeutic strategy in bradyarrhythmias; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Valvular problems; 158 Causes and diagnosis of valvular problems; 159 Therapeutic strategy in valvular problems; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Endocarditis; 160 Pathophysiology and causes of endocarditis; 161 Prevention and treatment of endocarditis; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Severe hypertension; 162 Pathophysiology and causes of severe hypertension; 163 Management of severe hypertension in the ICU; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Severe capillary leak; 164 Pathophysiology of severe capillary leak; 165 Management of acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Pericardial tamponade; 166 Pathophysiology and causes of pericardial tamponade; 167 Management of pericardial tamponade; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Pulmonary hypertension; 168 Pathophysiology and causes of pulmonary hypertension; 169 Diagnosis of management of pulmonary hypertension; Part 5 The Cardiovascular System: Pulmonary embolus; 170 Pathophysiology and causes of pulmonary embolus; 171 Diagnosis and Management of pulmonary embolus; Part 6 The Gastrointestinal System: Physiology; 172 Normal physiology of the gastrointestinal system; 173 Normal physiology of the hepatic system; Part 6 The Gastrointestinal System: Gastrointestinal monitoring; 174 Imaging the abdomen in the critically ill; 175 Hepatic function in the critically ill; Part 6 The Gastrointestinal System: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage; 176 Pathophysiology and causes of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage; 177 Diagnosis and management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the critically ill; 178 Diagnosis and management of variceal bleeding in the critically ill; 179 Pathophysiology and causes of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage; 180 Diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the critically ill; Part 6 The Gastrointestinal System:Disordered gastric motility; 181 Vomiting and large nasogastric aspirates in the critically ill; 182 Ileus and obstruction in the critically ill; 183 Diarrhoea and constipation in the critically ill; Part 6 The Gastrointestinal System: The acute abdomen in the ICU; 184 Pathophysiology & management of raised intra-abdominal pressure in the critically ill; 185 Perforated viscus in the critically ill; 186 Ischemic bowel in the critically ill; 187 Intra-abdominal sepsis in the critically ill; 188 Acute acalculous cholecystitis in the critically ill; 189 Management of the open abdomen and abdominal fistulae in the critically ill; Part 6 The Gastrointestinal System: Pancreatitis; 190 Pathophysiology, diagnosis and assessment of acute pancreatitis; 191 Management of acute pancreatitis in the critically ill; Part 6 The Gastrointestinal System: Jaundice; 192 Pathophysiology and causes of jaundice in the critically ill; 193 Management of jaundice in the critically ill; Part 6 The Gastrointestinal System: Acute hepatic failure; 194 Pathophysiology and causes of acute hepatic failure; 195 Diagnosis and assessment of acute hepatic failure in the critically ill; 196 Management of acute hepatic failure in the critically ill; 197 The effect of acute hepatic failure on drug handling in the critically ill; 198 Extracorporeal liver support devices in the ICU; Part 6 The Gastrointestinal System: Acute on chronic hepatic failure; 199 Pathophysiology, diagnosis, assessment of acute on chronic hepatic failure; 200 Management of acute on chronic hepatic failure in the critically ill; Part 7 Nutrition: Physiology; 201 Normal physiology of nutrition; 202 The metabolic and nutritional response to critical illness; Part 7 Nutrition: Nutritional failure; 203 Pathophysiology of nutritional failure in the critically ill; 204 Assessing nutritional status in the ICU; 205 Indirect calorimetry in the ICU; 206 Enteral nutrition in the ICU; 207 Parenteral nutrition in the ICU; Part 8 The Renal System: Physiology; 208 Normal physiology of the renal system; Part 8 The Renal System: Renal monitoring and risk prediction; 209 Monitoring renal function in the critically ill; 210 Imaging the urinary tract in the critically ill; Part 8 The Renal System: Oliguria and acute kidney injury; 211 Pathophysiology of oliguria and acute kidney injury; 212 Diagnosis of oliguria and acute kidney injury; 213 Management of oliguria and acute kidney injury in the critically ill; Part 8 The Renal System: Renal replacement techniques; 214 Continuous hemofiltration techniques in the critically ill; 215 Hemodialysis in the critically ill; 216 Peritoneal Dialysis in the critically ill; Part 8 The Renal System: Established renal failure; 217 The effect of renal failure on drug handling in critical illness; 218 The effect of chronic renal failure on critical illness; Part 9 The Neurological System : Anatomy and physiology; 219 Normal anatomy and physiology of the brain; 220 Normal anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves; Part 9 The Neurological System: Neurological monitoring; 221 Electroencephalogram monitoring in the critically ill; 222 Cerebral flow and perfusion monitoring in the critically ill; 223 Intracranial pressure monitoring in the ICU; 224 Imaging the central nervous system in the critically ill; Part 9 The Neurological System:Sleep disturbance; 225 Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy for sleep disturbance in the ICU; Part 9 The Neurological System: Agitation, confusion and delirium; 226 Causes and epidemiology of agitation, confusion and delirium in the ICU; 227 Assessment and therapeutic strategy for agitation, confusion and delirium in the ICU; Part 9 The Neurological System:The unconscious patient; 228 Causes and diagnosis of unconsciousness; 229 Management of unconsciousness in the ICU; 230 Non-pharmacological neuroprotection in the ICU; Part 9 The Neurological System: Seizures; 231 Pathophysiology and causes of seizures; 232 Assessment and management of seizures in the critically ill; Part 9 The Neurological System: Intracranial hypertension; 233 Causes and management of intracranial hypertension; Part 9 The Neurological System: Stroke; 234 Epidemiology of stroke; 235 Diagnosis and assessment of stroke; 236 Management of ischemic stroke; 237 Management of parenchymal hemorrhage; Part 9 The Neurological System: Non-traumatic Subarachnoid hemorrhage; 238 Epidemiology, diagnosis and assessment on non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage; 239 Management of non-traumatic subarachnoidhemorrhage in the critically ill; Part 9 The Neurological System:Meningitis and encephalitis; 240 Epidemiology, diagnosis and assessment of meningitis and encephalitis; 241 Management of meningitis and encephalitis in the critically ill; Part 9 The Neurological System: Non-traumatic spinal injury; 242 Pathophysiology, causes and management of non-traumatic spinal injury; Part 9 The Neurological System: Neuromuscular syndromes; 243 Epidemiology, diagnosis and assessment of neuromuscular syndromes; 244 Diagnosis, assessment and management of myasthenia gravis and paramyasthenic syndromes; 245 Diagnosis, assessment and management of tetanus, rabies and botulism; 246 Diagnosis, assessment and management of Guillain-Barre syndrome; 247 Diagnosis, assessment and management of hyperthermic crises; 248 Diagnosis, assessment and management of ICU acquired weakness; Part 10: The Metabolic and Endocrine Systems: Physiology; 249 Normal physiology of the endocrine system; Part 10: The Metabolic and Endocrine Systems: Electrolyte disturbance; 250 Disorders of sodium in the critically ill; 251 Disorders of potassium in the critically ill; 252 Disorders of magnesium in the critically ill; 253 Disorders of calcium in the critically ill; 254 Disorders of phosphate in the critically ill; Part 10: The Metabolic and Endocrine Systems: Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis; 255 Pathophysiology and causes of metabolic acidosis in the critically ill; 256 Management of metabolic acidosis in the critically ill; 257 Pathophysiology, causes and management of metabolic alkalosis in the critically ill; Part 10: The Metabolic and Endocrine Systems: Blood glucose control; 258 Pathophysiology of glucose control; 259 Glycemic control in critical illness; 260 Management of diabetic emergencies in the critically ill; Part 10: The Metabolic and Endocrine Systems: Endocrine disorders; 261 Pathophysiology and management of adrenal disorders in the critically ill; 262 Pathophysiology and management of pituitary disorders in the critically ill; 263 Pathophysiology and management of thyroid disorders in the critically ill; 264 Pathophysiology and management of functional endocrine tumours in the critically ill; Part 11: The Hematological System: Laboratory monitoring; 265 The blood cells and blood count; 266 Coagulation monitoring; Part 11: The Hematological System: Hematological therapies; 267 Blood product therapy in the ICU; 268 Apheresis in the ICU; Part 11: The Hematological System: Disordered coagulation; 269 Pathophysiology of disordered coagulation; 270 Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the critically ill; 271 Prevention and management of thrombosis in the critically ill; 272 Thrombocytopenia in the critically ill; Part 11: The Hematological System: Disorders of the blood cells; 273 Pathophysiology and management of anemia in the critically ill; 274 Pathophysiology and management of neutropenia in the critically ill; 275 Sickle crisis in the critically ill; Part 12: The Skin and Connective Tissue: Skin and Connective tissue disorders; 276 Assessment and management of dermatological problems in the critically ill; 277 Vasculitis in the critically ill; 278 Rheumatoid arthritis in the critically ill; Part 12: The Skin and Connective Tissue: Wound and pressure sore management; 279 Principles and prevention of pressure sores in the ICU; 280 Dressing techniques for wounds in the critically ill; Part 13: Infection: Diagnosis and Surveillance; 281 Microbiological surveillance in the critically ill; 282 Novel biomarkers of infection in the critically ill; Part 13: Infection: Nosocomial infection; 283 Definition, epidemiology and general management of nosocomial infection; 284 Healthcare worker screening for nosocomial pathogens; 285 Environmental decontamination and isolation strategies in the ICU; 286 Antimicrobial selection policies in the ICU; 287 Oral, nasopharyngeal and gut decontamination in the ICU; 289 Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of device-related infection in the ICU; 290 Antibiotic resistance in the ICU; Part 13: Infection: Infection in the immunocompromised; 291 Drug-induced depression of immunity in the critically ill; 292 HIV in the critically ill; Part 13: Infection: Tropical diseases; 293 Diagnosis and management of malaria in the ICU; 294 Diagnosis and management of viral hemorrhagic fevers in the ICU; 295 Other tropical diseases in the ICU; Part 13: Infection: Sepsis; 296 Assessment of sepsis in the critically ill; 297 Management of sepsis in the critically ill; 298 Pathophysiology of septic shock; 299 Management of septic shock in the critically ill; Part 14: Inflammation: Physiology; 300 Innate immunity and the inflammatory cascade; Part 14: Inflammation: Organ-specific biomarkers; 301 Brain injury biomarkers in the critically ill; 302 Cardiac injury biomarkers in the critically ill; 303 Renal injury biomarkers in the critically ill; Part 14: Inflammation: Host response; 304 The host response to infection in the critically ill; 305 The host response to trauma and burns in the critically ill; 306 The host response to hypoxia in the critically ill; 307 Host-pathogen interactions in the critically ill; 308 Coagulation and the endothelium in acute injury in the critically ill; 309 Ischemia-reperfusion injury in the critically ill; 310 Repair and recovery mechanisms following critical illness; 311 Neural and endocrine function in the immune response to critical illness; 312 Adaptive immunity in critical illness; 313 Immunomodulation strategies in the critically ill; 314 Immunoparesis in the critically ill; Part 14: Inflammation: Anaphylaxis; 315 Pathophysiology and management of anaphylaxis in the critically ill; Part 15: Poisoning: Principles of management; 316 Role of toxicology assessment in poisoning; 317 Decontamination and enhanced elimination of poisons; Part 15: Poisoning: Management of specific poisons; 318 Management of salicylate poisoning; 319 Management of acetaminophen (paracetamol) poisoning; 320 Management of opioid poisoning; 321 Management of benzodiazepine poisoning; 322 Management of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning; 323 Management of amphetamine and ecstasy poisoning; 324 Management of digoxin poisoning; 325 Management of cocaine poisoning; 326 Management of beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker poisoning; 327 Management of cyanide poisoning; 328 Management of alcohol poisoning; 329 Management of carbon monoxide poisoning; 330 Management of corrosive poisoning; 331 Management of pesticide and agricultural chemical poisoning; 332 Management of radiation poisoning; Part 16: Trauma: Multiple trauma; 333 A systematic approach to the injured patient; 334 Pathophysiology and management of thoracic injury; 335 Pathophysiology and management of abdominal injury; 336 Management of vascular injuries; 337 Management of limb and pelvic injuries; 338 Assessment and management of fat embolism; 339 Assessment and management of combat trauma; Part 16: Trauma: Ballistic trauma; 340 Pathophysiology of ballistic trauma; 341 Assessment and management of ballistic trauma; Part 16: Trauma :Traumatic brain injury; 342 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury; 343 Assessment of traumatic brain injury; 344 Management of traumatic brain injury; Part 16: Trauma: Spinal cord injury; 345 Assessment and immediate management of spinal cord injury; 346 Ongoing management of the tetraplegic patient in the ICU; Part 16: Trauma: Burns; 347 Pathophysiology and assessment of burns; 348 Management of burns in the ICU; Part 17: Physical Disorders: Drowning; 349 Pathophysiology and management of drowning; Part 17: Physical Disorders: Electrocution350 ; 351 Pathophysiology and management of electrocution; Part 17: Physical Disorders: Altitude- and depth-related disorders; 352 Pathophysiology and management of altitude related disorders; 353 Pathophysiology and management of depth related disorders; 354 Pathophysiology and management of hypothermia; Part 17: Physical Disorders: Rhabdomyolysis; 355 Pathophysiology and management of rhabdomyolysis; Part 18: Pain and Sedation: Pain; 356 Pathophysiology and assessment of pain; 357 Pain management in the critically ill; Part 18: Pain and Sedation: Sedation; 358 Sedation assessment in the critically ill; 359 Management of sedation in the critically ill; Part 19: General surgical and obstetric intensive Care: Optimisation strategies for the high-risk surgical patient; 360 Identification of the high-risk surgical patient; 361 Peri-operative optimisation of the high risk surgical patient; Part 19: General surgical and obstetric intensive Care: General post-operative intensive care; 362 Post-operative ventilatory dysfunction management in the ICU; 363 Post-operative fluid and circulatory management in the ICU; 364 Surgical enhanced recovery programs in the ICU; Part 19: General surgical and obstetric intensive Care: Obstetric intensive care; 365 Obstetric physiology and special considerations in ICU; 366 Pathophysiology and management of pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and HELLP syndrome; 367 Pathophysiology and management of critical illness in pregnancy; Part 20: Specialized intensive care: Specialized surgical intensive care; 368 Intensive care management after cardiothoracic surgery; 369 Intensive care management after neurosurgery; 370 Intensive care management after vascular surgery; 371 Intensive care management in hepatic and other abdominal organ transplantation; 372 Intensive care management in cardiac transplantation; 373 Intensive care management in lung transplantation; Part 20: Specialized intensive care: Oncological intensive care; 374 ICU selection and outcome of patients with hematologic malignancy; 375 Management of the bone marrow transplant recipient in ICU; 376 Management of oncological complications in the ICU; Part 21: Recovery From Critical Illness: In hospital recovery from critical illness; 377 Chronic critical illness; 378 Promoting physical recovery in critical illness; 379 Promoting renal recovery in critical illness; 380 Recovering from critical illness in hospital; Part 21: Recovery From Critical Illness: Complications of critical illness; 381 Physical consequences of critical illness; 382 Neurocognitive impairment after critical illness; 383 Affective and mood disorders after critical illness; Part 21: Recovery From Critical Illness: Out of hospital support after critical illness; 384 Long-term weaning centres in critical care; 385 The ICU survivor clinic; 386 Rehabilitation from critical illness after hospital discharge; Part 22: End Of Life Care: Withdrawing and withholding treatment; 387 Ethical decision making in withdrawing and withholding treatment; 388 Management of the dying patient; Part 22: End Of Life Care: Management of the potential organ donor; 389 Beating heart organ donation; 390 Non-beating heart organ donation; Part 22: End Of Life Care: Post-mortem diagnosis; 391 Post-mortem examination in the ICU

past-Chair of the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group. He is a council member of the International Sepsis Forum, the Global Sepsis Alliance, and a member of the World Sepsis Day Steering Committee. Dr Finfer is a Professorial Fellow in the Critical Care and Trauma Division at The George Institute for global Health. He is active in forging major international research collaborations that have conducted large scale clinical trials. Simon is also an Editor of the Critical Care Section Editor for The Oxford Textbook of Medicine (6th Ed.), and was a Critical Care guest editor for The New England Journal of Medicine from 2011 to 2014. ; Professor Luciano Gattiononi is Professor in Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Milan as well as Chief of the Department of Anesthesia, Resuscitation and Pain Therapy, Policlinico Hospital of Milan. His research is focused on the pathophisiology and treatment of acute respiratory failure, including prone positioning, sepsis and acid base disorders. He has published more than 200 research articles and reviews in peer reviewed journal. In the early 1980's he worked on the quantitative analysis of thoracic CT imaging, culminating in the baby lung (1980s) and lung recrutability (2000s) concepts. He was awarded with the Life Time Achievement Award by the American Society of Anesthesiology and is Honorary Member of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, and Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. ; Mervyn Singer is Professor of Intensive Care Medicine at University College London. His primary research interests are sepsis and multi-organ failure, infection, shock and haemodynamic monitoring. He developed an oesophageal Doppler haemodynamic monitor that is now in widespread use worldwide, the use of which has been shown in multiple studies to improve outcomes after major surgery and reduce length of stay. He has led on a number of important multi-centre trials in critical care. He has authored various papers and textbooks including the Oxford Handbook of Critical Care, now in its 3rd Edition, and is a Council member of the International Sepsis Forum. He was the first UK intensivist to be awarded Senior Investigator status by the National Institute for Health Research, and to be invited to give plenary lectures at the European and US Intensive Care Congress