Alternatives for Dermal Toxicity Testing (PDF)

Chantra Eskes, PhD, Eng, has around 20 years of experience in the development, optimization, and validation of alternative methods to animal testing. Her activities have contributed to the formal validation and regulatory acceptance of several test methods and to the development of a number of official international test guidelines. Dr. Eskes acts as a Nominated Expert and co-chair for the OECD in the areas of eye irritation/corrosion, skin irritation, skin corrosion, and skin sensitization. She is also President of the European Society of In Vitro Toxicology (ESTIV) and Executive Secretary of the Animal Cell Technology Industrial Platform (ACTIP). She is manager and consultant at SeCAM, a limited company that offers independent consultation and services on alternative methods for scientific, regulatory, and industrial tailored requirements. She is the editor, author, or co-author of more than 35 published scientific articles and book chapters and acts as a reviewer for several journals in the field of in vitro toxicology.



Howard I. Maibach, MD, is Professor of Dermatology in the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. He is a leading authority in the fields of dermatotoxicology and dermatopharmacology, in which, over several decades, he has conducted much original research relating to skin diseases and the development of skin-related products. He has written very extensively, with a total of more than 2,000 publications as lead or co-author and over 80 textbooks. Professor Maibach has served on the editorial boards of more than 30 scientific journals and is a member of many professional societies, including the American Academy of Dermatology and the International Commission on Occupational Health. He is a consultant to government agencies, universities, and industry. He has been the recipient of numerous honors, both in the United States and overseas.





Erwin van Vliet, PhD, has more than 10 years