Smart Grid

About the authors xi
 
Preface xiii
 
Acknowledgements xv
 
List of abbreviations xvii
 
1 The Smart Grid 1
 
1.1 Introduction 1
 
1.2 Why implement the Smart Grid now? 2
 
1.3 What is the Smart Grid? 6
 
1.4 Early Smart Grid initiatives 7
 
1.5 Overview of the technologies required for the Smart Grid 12
 
References 14
 
Part I INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
 
2 Data communication 19
 
2.1 Introduction 19
 
2.2 Dedicated and shared communication channels 19
 
2.3 Switching techniques 23
 
2.4 Communication channels 25
 
2.5 Layered architecture and protocols 35
 
References 43
 
3 Communication technologies for the Smart Grid 45
 
3.1 Introduction 45
 
3.2 Communication technologies 46
 
3.3 Standards for information exchange 62
 
References 66
 
4 Information security for the Smart Grid 69
 
4.1 Introduction 69
 
4.2 Encryption and decryption 70
 
4.3 Authentication 76
 
4.4 Digital signatures 77
 
4.5 Cyber security standards 79
 
References 80
 
Part II SENSING, MEASUREMENT, CONTROL AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGIES
 
5 Smart metering and demand-side integration 83
 
5.1 Introduction 83
 
5.2 Smart metering 84
 
5.3 Smart meters: An overview of the hardware used 86
 
5.4 Communications infrastructure and protocols for smart metering 96
 
5.5 Demand-side integration 99
 
References 111
 
6 Distribution automation equipment 113
 
6.1 Introduction 113
 
6.2 Substation automation equipment 114
 
6.3 Faults in the distribution system 125
 
6.4 Voltage regulation 135
 
References 139
 
7 Distribution management systems 141
 
7.1 Introduction 141
 
7.2 Data sources and associated external systems 142
 
7.3 Modelling and analysis

Professor Janaka Ekanayake, Cardiff University, UK
Professor Ekanayake is currently at the Institute of Energy at Cardiff University. As module leader on an MSc course, he teaches intelligent electronic devices, their applications and automation. He also teaches power electronic applications to power systems, flexible ac transmission systems and HVDC.Previous to this he was a Research Fellow at the University of Manchester. He was promoted to Professor in Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka in 2003. Professor Ekanayake has published over 25 papers in refereed journals and has co-authored three books in the area of wind integration.
 
Dr Kithsiri Liyanage, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Dr Liyanage is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Peradeniya. Prior to this he served as Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna and as Director of the Information Technology Centre, University of Peradenyia. He has been with the University of Tokyo as a Visiting Research Fellow since 2008. He has served as coordinator of and consultant to several ICT and power generation projects.
 
Dr Jianzhong Wu, Cardiff University, UK
Dr Wu is a lecturer at the Institute of Energy, School of Engineering, Cardiff University. Privious to this he was a research fellow at the University of Manchester and Associate Professor at Tianjin University, China. He has been involved in several Chinese national research programmes, developing advanced software tools for distribution network operation, planning, for on-line security monitoring, assessment and optimisation for transmission networks.
 
Professor Akihiko Yokoyama, University of Tokyo, Japan
Professor Yokoyama is based at the Department of Engineering at the University of Tokyo. He is alsoProfessor in the Department of Advanced Energy at the Graduate School of Frontier Sciences He has co-authored two