Rockefeller and the Internationalization of Mathematics Between the Two World Wars

General Ideological and Political Positions Underlying the IEB's Activities.- 1. Augustus Trowbridge's Appointment as Head of the IEB Office in Paris (1925).- 2. The Relation Between "Saving" and "Developing" Scientific Cultures, and Between "Advanced" and "Backward" Countries.- 3. Anti-Semitism as an Example for Political Resentments.- 4. The "Excellence" and "Best Science" Policy of the IEB and Its Inherent Conflict With Support for "Backward Countries". First Examples from the IEB Fellowship Program for Mathematicians.- 5. Limits for the Transfer to Europe of the American (Sociological) Ideal of Cooperative Work in the Sciences.- 6. Further American Ideals and Requirements of Communication (Decentralization, Oral Communication, Matching Funds, Large-Scale Grants).- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- IV The Practice of the Fellowship Programs of IEB (1923-1928) and RF (After 1928), and the Particular Situation of Mathematics.- Preliminary Remarks.- 1. Criteria for the Selection of Fellows, Problems of Meeting the Criteria, and Exceptions Made.- 2. Details and Examples.- 3. The Restricted Power of the Advisors: Counselling, Tactics, and Dependence on the Philanthropists' Values.- 4. The Fellowship List, Some Related Statistics and First Conclusions, Especially With Respect to the Rise of American Mathematics.- 5. Reflections on and Impressions of the Cognitive Dimension of the Fellowship Programs.- 6. Selected Social Problems of (Scientific) Mathematical Communication in the 1920s and 1930s, Particularly in France, as Revealed in the Sources on Fellowships.- 7. The Rise of Soviet-Russian Mathematics and Problems of Response on the Part of Rockefeller Philanthropy: Especially Besicovitch, Lusin, and Kolmogorov.- 8. The Dominance of National (American) Interests in the IEB/RF Policies.- 9. Excursus: The Guggenheim Fellowship Program Since 1926.- 10. Summary and Conclusions.- V The Institute Projects in Europe 1926-1928: Göttingen, Paris, a Project Turned Down in Djursholm, and an Excursus on the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.- 1. The IEB Erects a New Mathematics Institute in Göttingen.- 1.1. Trowbridge's Visit to Göttingen in October 1925.- 1.2. The Visit of Trowbridge and Birkhoff to Göttingen (July 1926).- 1.3. The Fate of the Institute and Its Director Courant Under Nazi Rule.- 2. The Foundation of the Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris.- 2.1 The Beginnings of the Institute, the Initial Role of Mathematical Physics, and the Gradual Realization of Trowbridge's Memo of May 1926.- 2.2. Introducing the Name `Henri Poincaré' and Opening the Institute in November 1928.- 2.3. The Institut Henri PoincarÉ as an Element of Further Institutional Development in French Mathematics.- 2.4. The Institut Henri PoincarÉ Discloses its "International Potentialities" and Adds to the Cognitive Dimension in French Mathematics: The Role of Stochastics and the International Lecture Program in the 1930s.- 2.5. The Institut Henri PoincarÉ Released From Rockefeller Influence and Protection Until the Early Post-War Years.- 3. The Mathematical Institute in Djursholm (Sweden): A Case of Rockefeller Help Refused.- 4. Excursus: The Foundation of the School of Mathematics of the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton) Around 1932 and Its Relation to the Rockefeller Projects.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- VI The Emergency Program of the RF After 1933 and Changing Attitudes of the RF Vis-À-Vis Mathematics Before the War: Mathematics Caught Between New Scientific Orientations and Catastrophic Political Developments.- Introduction: The Peculiar Situation in Mathematics, Especially the Role of Warren Weaver.- 1. The Seizure of Power by the Nazis in Germany, Consequences for Mathematics, Reactions by Rockefeller Philanthropy, and the Impact on the Regular Program in Europe.- 2. The Rockefeller Emergency Programs and Mathematics.- 3. Support for Interdisciplinary Research and Bordering Subjects of Mathematics and Taking "Responsibility" for General European Values.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- VII Epilogue.- Notes.- Appendices.- 1. Proposal by the Physicists of Göttingen for Support From the IEB 1924.- 2. A Memo by English Mathematician G.H.Hardy Asking for Support for a New Journal 1924.- 3. Nikolaj Lusin's Application for a IEB Fellowship, March 27, 1926.- 4. Paul Montel (1944) on the Origin of Plans for the Institut Henri Poincare in May 1926.- 5. A Memorandum by Augustus Trowbridge (lEB) on a Meeting With ?mile Borel Concerning Plans for the Foundation of an Institute for Mathematics and Mathematical Physics in Paris (May 1926).- 6. Report by A. Trowbridge on His trip to Göttingen July 2 Through July 4, 1926.- 7. G.D. Birkhoffs Report to the IEB of September 1926 Concerning His Trip to Europe.- 8. Richard Courant's Assessment of American Mathematics as of 1927.- 9. IEB-Fellow Heinz Hopf 1928 on the Exemplary Sports Facilities at American Universities.