REAL - Yearbook of Research in English and American Literature, Volume 32 (2016)

REAL invites contributions on the relationship between literature and cultural change. The study of culture has to face the difficulty of not being able to observe its object directly. Its only access is via cultural phenomena as observable products of human activity: artefacts, texts, rites, symbols, forms of conduct. If scholars wish to study cultural change, they need to do so by investigating the changing relationships among these phenomena, the changing connections between social structures, mentalities and the material dimension of texts, artefacts and other objects. While some scholars have rejected the concept of culture because of this indirectness, others - from Malinowski to Luhmann - have attempted to make it theoretically more precise and historically more saturated. Societies change as well as cultures, but they are not the same and they evolve at different speeds.Few scholars in literary studies would contest the notion that literature is a part of culture, or partof a society's cultural memory, but many are divided over the precise nature of the connection between literature and culture. In recent years, the rise of Cultural Studies has led to a situation in which literature is frequently used as documentary evidence of particular aspects of culture and cultural change. But the aesthetic dimensions of literary texts are often unduly neglected in Cultural Studies, and the connections between literature and cultural change have not been sufficiently examined. That literature is a factor that contributes to cultural change - either internal, due to the dynamics of culture as a system of signification, or external, due to the manifold contacts with other cultures - is hardly in need of additional demonstration. What is less clear and deserves more attention, however, is its particular role in motivating, instigating or hindering cultural change, and the influence of cultural change on the evolution of literature. To what extent - if at all -is literature