Ecology of Harmful Algae
(Sprache: Englisch)
Harmful algal can cause a variety of deleterious effects, including the poisoning of fish and shellfish, habitat disruptions for many organisms, water discoloration, beach fouling, and even toxic effects for humans. In this volume, international experts...
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Klappentext zu „Ecology of Harmful Algae “
Harmful algal can cause a variety of deleterious effects, including the poisoning of fish and shellfish, habitat disruptions for many organisms, water discoloration, beach fouling, and even toxic effects for humans. In this volume, international experts provide an in-depth analysis of harmful algae topics and offer a comprehensive synthesis of the latest research in the field.
Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Ecology of Harmful Algae “
Part A Harmful Algae and Their Global Distribution1 An Introduction to Harmful Algae
- E. GRANÉLI and J.T. TURNER
- References
2 Molecular Taxonomy of Harmful Algae
- S. JANSON and P.K. HAYES
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates)
2.2.1 General Morphology
2.2.2 Dinophysis
2.2.3 Alexandrium
2.2.4 Protoperidinium, Prorocentrum
2.2.5 Karenia, Karlodinium, Takayama
2.2.6 Amphidinium, Cochlodinium, Gyrodinium
2.3 Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)
2.3.1 Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Nodularia
2.3.2 Microcystis
2.3.3 Trichodesmium
2.4 Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
2.4.1 Amphora, Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia
2.5 Concluding Remarks
- References
3 The Biogeography of Harmful Algae
- N. LUNDHOLM and Ø. MOESTRUP
3.1 Biogeography and Species Concepts
3.1.1 Genetic Variation
3.2 Biogeographical Distribution
3.3 Distribution of Harmful Species
3.3.1 Dinoflagellates
3.3.2 Diatoms
3.3.3 Haptophytes
3.3.4 Raphidophyceans
3.3.5 Cyanobacteria
- References
4 Importance of Life Cycles in the Ecology of
- Harmful Microalgae
- K.A. STEIDINGER and E. GARCÉS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Phases of Phytoplankton Bloom Development and Life Cycles
4.2.1 Initiation
4.2.2 Growth and Maintenance
4.2.3 Dispersal/Dissipation/Termination
4.3 Environmental Factors versus Biological Factors Affecting Transition
4.4 Status of Knowledge and Direction Needed
- References
Part B The Ecology of Major Harmful Algae Groups
5 The Ecology of Harmful Dinoflagellates
- J.M. BURKHOLDER, R.V. AZANZA, and Y. SAKO
5.1 Introduction
5.2 General Ecology
5.2.1 Motility
5.2.2 Temperature, Light, Salinity and Turbulence
5.2.3 Nutrition: the Continuum from Auxotrophy to Parasitism
5.3 Blooms, Including Toxic Outbreaks
5.4 Human Influences
5.5 Conceptual Frameworks to Advance Understanding
- References
6 The Ecology of Harmful Flagellates Within Prymnesiophyceae and
... mehr
Raphidophyceae
- B. EDVARDSEN and I. IMAI
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Class Prymnesiophyceae (Division Haptophyta)
6.2.1 Taxonomy, Morphology and Life History
6.2.2 Distribution and Abundance
6.2.3 Autecology and Ecophysiology
6.2.4 Toxicity and Toxins
6.2.5 Ecological Strategies
6.3 Class Raphidophyceae (Division Heterokontophyta)
6.3.1 Taxonomy, Morphology and Life History
6.3.2 Distribution and Abundance
6.3.3 Autecology and Ecophysiology
6.3.4 Toxicity
6.3.5 Ecological Strategies
- References
7 The Ecology of Harmful Diatoms
- S.S. BATES and V.L. TRAINER
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Toxin-Producing Diatoms, Genus Pseudo-nitzschia
7.3 Domoic Acid in the Marine Food Web
7.4 Physiological Ecology of Pseudo-nitzschia spp
7.5 Molecular Tools for Studying Pseudo-nitzschia
7.6 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
- References
8 Ecology of Harmful Cyanobacteria
- H.W. PAERL and R.S. FULTON III
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Environmental Factors Controlling CyanoHABs
8.2.1 Nutrients
8.2.2 Physical-Chemical Factors: Salinity and Turbulence
8.2.3 Salinity and Turbulence
8.3 CyanoHAB Interactions with Micro/Macroorganisms
8.4 CyanoHAB Management
- References
9 Brown Tides
- C. J. Gobler and W. G. Sunda
9.1 Background
9.2 Nutrients and Physical Factors
9.3 Sources of Cell Mortality
- References
Part C The Ecology and Physiology of Harmful Algae
10 Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics in Relation to Physical Processes
- F.G. FIGUEIRAS, G.C. PITCHER, and M. ESTRADA
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Physical Constraints: From Diffusion to Advection
10.3 Life-Forms
10.4 Algal Communities
10.5 Retention and Transport: A Few Examples
10.5.1 Retention-Reduced Exchange
10.5.2 Transport
- References
11 Ecological Aspects of Harmful Algal In Situ Population Growth Rates
- W. STOLTE and E. GARCÉS
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Ecological Interpretation of In Situ Growth Rate Measuremtents
11.3 In Situ Growth Rates; Variation Among Taxonomic Groups
11.4 Are Harmful Algal Species r- or K-Strategists?
11.5 Conclusions
- References
12 Harmful Algae and Cell Death
- M.J.W. VELDHUIS and C.P.D. BRUSSAARD
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mortality of HABs
12.3 Death Due to HABs
12.4 Mechanisms to Avoid Cell Mortality
12.5 Ecological Implications
- References
13 The Diverse Nutrient Strategies of Harmful Algae: Focus on Osmotrophy
- P. M. GLIBERT and C. LEGRAND
13.1 Introduction and Terminology
13.2 Osmotrophy Pathways and Methods to Explore Them
13.3 Cellular Costs and Benefits of Osmotrophy
13.4 Ecological Significance of Osmotrophy
13.5 A Comment on Evolutionary Aspects of Osmotrophy
13.6 Summary
- References
14 Phagotrophy in Harmful Algae
- D. STOECKER, U. TILLMANN, and E. GRANÉLI
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Phagotrophy and its Advantages
14.3 Relationship of Phagotrophy to Toxicity
14.4 Significance of Phagotrophy
- References
15 Allelopathy in Harmful Algae: A Mechanism to Compete for Resources?
- E. GRANÉLI and P.J. HANSEN
15.1 Harmful Algal Species Known of Allelopathy
15.2 Approaches to Demonstrate/Study Allelopathy - Pitfalls and Strength/Weaknesses of Experimental Approaches
15.3 Which Toxins are Involved in the Allelopathic Effects?
15.4 Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Factors on Allelopathy
15.4.1 Abiotic Factors
15.4.2 Biotic Factors
15.5 Ecological Significance of Allelopathy in Marine Ecosystems
- References
16 Trace Metals and Harmful Algal Blooms
- W.G SUNDA
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Chemistry and Availability of Metals
16.3 Trace Metals as Limiting Nutrients
16.4 Trace Metal Toxicity
16.5 Trace Metal Effects on HABs: Domoic Acid Production in Pseudonitzschia
16.6 Trace Metal Effects on Other HAB Species
- References
17 Molecular Physiology of Toxin Production and Growth Regulation in Harmful Algae
- A. CEMBELLA and U. JOHN
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Phycotoxin Biosynthesis
17.3 Growth and Regulation of Toxin Production
17.4 Toxin Production Through the Cell Cycle
17.5 Molecular Approaches to Growth and Toxin Expression
17.6 Current and Future Perspectives
- References
18 Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing Toxin Content
- E. GRANÉLI and K. FLYNN
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Growth Stage and Toxin Production
18.3 Physical Factors Influencing Toxin Content
18.4 Inorganic Nutrients and Toxin Content
18.5 Organic Matter and Toxin Content
18.6 Conclusions
- References
19 Relationships Between Bacteria and Harmful Algae
- M. KODAMA, G.J. DOUCETTE, and D.H. GREEN
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Diversity of Algal-Associated Bacteria
19.2.1 Bacteria Associated with Harmful Algal Species
19.2.2 Spatio-Temporal Relationships Between Bacteria and Algae
19.3 Bacterial Influences on Algal Growth, Metabolism, and Toxins
19.3.1 Bacterial Effects on Algal Growth
19.3.2 The Role of Bacteria in Toxin Production
19.3.3 Bacterially-Mediated Release and Metabolism of Algal Toxins
19.4 Potential Implications of Interactions Among Bacteria
19.5 Future Directions/Research Needs/Critical Questions
- References
Part D Harmful Algae and the Food Web
20 Harmful Algae Interactions with Marine Planktonic Grazers
- J.T. TURNER
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Planktonic Grazers
20.2.1 Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates and other Flagellates
20.2.2 Tintinnids and Aloricate Ciliates
20.2.3 Rotifers
20.2.4 Copepods and other Mesozooplankton
20.3 HAB Toxin Accumulation in Zooplankton
20.4 Selective Grazing and Feeding Deterrence by Harmful Algae
20.5 Impact of Zooplankton Grazing on Formation and Termination of HA Blooms
20.6 Summary
- References
21 Pathogens of Harmful Microalgae
- P.S. SALOMON and I. IMAI
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Viruses
21.2.1 Host Specificity
21.3 Algicidal Bacteria
21.3.1 Modes of Algicidal Activity and Specificity
21.3.2 Ecology of Algicidal Bacteria and Harmful Microalgae
21.3.3 Seaweed Beds as Prevention of HABs
21.4 Parasitic Fungi
21.4.1 Host Specificity
21.5 Parasitic Protists
21.5.1 Host Specificity
21.5.2 Host Avoidance of Parasitic Infection
21.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
- References
22 Phycotoxin Pathways in Aquatic Food Webs: Transfer, Accumulation and Degradation
- G. DOUCETTE, I. MANEIRO, I. RIVEIRO, and C. SVENSEN
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Bacteria
22.3 Zooplankton
22.4 Bivalves
22.5 Benthic Invertebrates (Non-Bivalves)
22.6 Fishes
22.7 Seabirds and Marine Mammals
22.8 Summary and Conclusions
- References
Part E Studying and Mitigating Harmful Algae: New Approaches
23 Molecular Approaches to the Study of Phytoplankton Life Cycles: Implications for Harmful Algal Bloom Ecology
- R. W. LITAKER and P. A. TESTER
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Identifying Life Cycle Stages Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
23.3 Nuclear Staining to Determine Ploidy and Growth Rates
23.4 Genomic Approaches to Identifying Mitotic and Meiotic Life Cycle Stages
23.5 Measuring Genetic Recombination During Sexual Reproduction
23.6 Future Application of Reverse Transcriptase Assays and DNA
- Microarrays in Life Cycle Studies
23.7 Conclusions
- References
24 Laboratory and Field Applications of Ribosomal RNA Probes to Aid the Detection and Monitoring of Harmful Algae
- K. METFIES, K. TÖBE, C. SCHOLIN, and L.K. MEDLIN
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Ribosomal RNA Sequences as Markers for Phylogenetic Studies and Species Identification
24.3 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) for Identifying Intact Cells
24.3.1 TSA FISH for Flow Cytometry
24.3.2 TSA-FISH for Solid Phase Cytometry
24.4 Detecting Many Species Simultaneously Using DNA Probe Arrays
24.4.1 Microarrays on Glass Slides and Fluorescence Detection
24.4.2 Handheld Array Device That Uses Electro-Chemical Detection
24.4.3 DNA Probe Arrays for Autonomous Detection of Species Using the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP)
24.5 Conclusions
- References
25 Mitigation and Controls of HABs
- H.G. KIM
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Mitigation Strategies and Control of HABs
25.2.1 Precautionary Impact Preventions
25.2.2 Direct and Indirect Bloom Controls
25.2.3 Contingency Plans for Fish Culture
25.3 Conclusions
- References
Part F Human Impact on Harmful Algae and Harmful Algae Impact on Human Activity
26 The Complex Relationships Between Increases in Fertilization of the Earth, Coastal Eutrophication and Proliferation of Harmful Algal Blooms
- P.M. GLIBERT and J.M. BURKHOLDER
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Global Trends in Population, Agricultural Fertilizer Usage and Implications for Export to Coastal Waters
26.3 Nutrient Limitation versus Eutrophication: Basic Conceptual Framework
26.4 Nutrient Loading, Nutrient Composition, and HABs
26.5 Factors Complicating the Relationship between Eutrophication and HABs
26.6 Summary
- References
27 "Top-Down" Predation Control on Marine Harmful Algae
- J.T. TURNER and E. GRANÉLI
27.1 Introduction
27.2 "Top-down" Predators
27.2.1 Medusae
27.2.2 Ctenophores
27.2.3 Fishes
27.3 Case Studies
27.3.1 Black Sea
27.3.2 Mesocosm Studies
- The Role of Ciliates
27.4 Summary
- References
28 Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms
- B. DALE, M. EDWARDS, and P. C. REID
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Evidence From the Past
28.3 Results From Plankton Records
28.4 Results From The Sedimentary Record of Dinoflagellate Cysts
28.5 Conclusions
- References
29 Anthropogenic Introductions of Microalgae
- G. HALLEGRAEFF and S. GOLLASCH
29.1 Potential Transport Vectors for Microalgae
29.2 Vector Surveys for Microalgae
29.3 Evidence for Successful Establishment of Nonindigenous Microalgae
29.3.1 Absence in Historic Samples
29.3.2 Sediment Cyst Cores
29.3.3 Increasing Molecular Evidence
29.4 Management Options to Reduce Risk of Introductions
29.4.1 Warning System for HABs in Ballast-Water-Uptake Zones
29.4.2 Ballast Water Exchange Studies on Phytoplankton
- Empty/Refill (= Reballasting)
- Continuous Flow-through of Ballast Water (= Ballast Exchange)
- Dilution Method
- Location of Ballast Water Exchange
- Is 95% Ballast Water Exchange of HAB Species Sufficient?
29.4.3 Treatment Options
29.5 Conclusions
- References
30 The Economic Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms
- P. HOAGLAND and S. SCATASTA
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Scientific Concerns
30.3 Economic Concerns
30.4 Why Measure Economic Losses?
30.5 Economic Losses
30.6 Economic Impacts
30.7 Estimates of National Economic Effects
30.8 Summary
- References
- B. EDVARDSEN and I. IMAI
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Class Prymnesiophyceae (Division Haptophyta)
6.2.1 Taxonomy, Morphology and Life History
6.2.2 Distribution and Abundance
6.2.3 Autecology and Ecophysiology
6.2.4 Toxicity and Toxins
6.2.5 Ecological Strategies
6.3 Class Raphidophyceae (Division Heterokontophyta)
6.3.1 Taxonomy, Morphology and Life History
6.3.2 Distribution and Abundance
6.3.3 Autecology and Ecophysiology
6.3.4 Toxicity
6.3.5 Ecological Strategies
- References
7 The Ecology of Harmful Diatoms
- S.S. BATES and V.L. TRAINER
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Toxin-Producing Diatoms, Genus Pseudo-nitzschia
7.3 Domoic Acid in the Marine Food Web
7.4 Physiological Ecology of Pseudo-nitzschia spp
7.5 Molecular Tools for Studying Pseudo-nitzschia
7.6 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
- References
8 Ecology of Harmful Cyanobacteria
- H.W. PAERL and R.S. FULTON III
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Environmental Factors Controlling CyanoHABs
8.2.1 Nutrients
8.2.2 Physical-Chemical Factors: Salinity and Turbulence
8.2.3 Salinity and Turbulence
8.3 CyanoHAB Interactions with Micro/Macroorganisms
8.4 CyanoHAB Management
- References
9 Brown Tides
- C. J. Gobler and W. G. Sunda
9.1 Background
9.2 Nutrients and Physical Factors
9.3 Sources of Cell Mortality
- References
Part C The Ecology and Physiology of Harmful Algae
10 Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics in Relation to Physical Processes
- F.G. FIGUEIRAS, G.C. PITCHER, and M. ESTRADA
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Physical Constraints: From Diffusion to Advection
10.3 Life-Forms
10.4 Algal Communities
10.5 Retention and Transport: A Few Examples
10.5.1 Retention-Reduced Exchange
10.5.2 Transport
- References
11 Ecological Aspects of Harmful Algal In Situ Population Growth Rates
- W. STOLTE and E. GARCÉS
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Ecological Interpretation of In Situ Growth Rate Measuremtents
11.3 In Situ Growth Rates; Variation Among Taxonomic Groups
11.4 Are Harmful Algal Species r- or K-Strategists?
11.5 Conclusions
- References
12 Harmful Algae and Cell Death
- M.J.W. VELDHUIS and C.P.D. BRUSSAARD
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mortality of HABs
12.3 Death Due to HABs
12.4 Mechanisms to Avoid Cell Mortality
12.5 Ecological Implications
- References
13 The Diverse Nutrient Strategies of Harmful Algae: Focus on Osmotrophy
- P. M. GLIBERT and C. LEGRAND
13.1 Introduction and Terminology
13.2 Osmotrophy Pathways and Methods to Explore Them
13.3 Cellular Costs and Benefits of Osmotrophy
13.4 Ecological Significance of Osmotrophy
13.5 A Comment on Evolutionary Aspects of Osmotrophy
13.6 Summary
- References
14 Phagotrophy in Harmful Algae
- D. STOECKER, U. TILLMANN, and E. GRANÉLI
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Phagotrophy and its Advantages
14.3 Relationship of Phagotrophy to Toxicity
14.4 Significance of Phagotrophy
- References
15 Allelopathy in Harmful Algae: A Mechanism to Compete for Resources?
- E. GRANÉLI and P.J. HANSEN
15.1 Harmful Algal Species Known of Allelopathy
15.2 Approaches to Demonstrate/Study Allelopathy - Pitfalls and Strength/Weaknesses of Experimental Approaches
15.3 Which Toxins are Involved in the Allelopathic Effects?
15.4 Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Factors on Allelopathy
15.4.1 Abiotic Factors
15.4.2 Biotic Factors
15.5 Ecological Significance of Allelopathy in Marine Ecosystems
- References
16 Trace Metals and Harmful Algal Blooms
- W.G SUNDA
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Chemistry and Availability of Metals
16.3 Trace Metals as Limiting Nutrients
16.4 Trace Metal Toxicity
16.5 Trace Metal Effects on HABs: Domoic Acid Production in Pseudonitzschia
16.6 Trace Metal Effects on Other HAB Species
- References
17 Molecular Physiology of Toxin Production and Growth Regulation in Harmful Algae
- A. CEMBELLA and U. JOHN
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Phycotoxin Biosynthesis
17.3 Growth and Regulation of Toxin Production
17.4 Toxin Production Through the Cell Cycle
17.5 Molecular Approaches to Growth and Toxin Expression
17.6 Current and Future Perspectives
- References
18 Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing Toxin Content
- E. GRANÉLI and K. FLYNN
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Growth Stage and Toxin Production
18.3 Physical Factors Influencing Toxin Content
18.4 Inorganic Nutrients and Toxin Content
18.5 Organic Matter and Toxin Content
18.6 Conclusions
- References
19 Relationships Between Bacteria and Harmful Algae
- M. KODAMA, G.J. DOUCETTE, and D.H. GREEN
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Diversity of Algal-Associated Bacteria
19.2.1 Bacteria Associated with Harmful Algal Species
19.2.2 Spatio-Temporal Relationships Between Bacteria and Algae
19.3 Bacterial Influences on Algal Growth, Metabolism, and Toxins
19.3.1 Bacterial Effects on Algal Growth
19.3.2 The Role of Bacteria in Toxin Production
19.3.3 Bacterially-Mediated Release and Metabolism of Algal Toxins
19.4 Potential Implications of Interactions Among Bacteria
19.5 Future Directions/Research Needs/Critical Questions
- References
Part D Harmful Algae and the Food Web
20 Harmful Algae Interactions with Marine Planktonic Grazers
- J.T. TURNER
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Planktonic Grazers
20.2.1 Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates and other Flagellates
20.2.2 Tintinnids and Aloricate Ciliates
20.2.3 Rotifers
20.2.4 Copepods and other Mesozooplankton
20.3 HAB Toxin Accumulation in Zooplankton
20.4 Selective Grazing and Feeding Deterrence by Harmful Algae
20.5 Impact of Zooplankton Grazing on Formation and Termination of HA Blooms
20.6 Summary
- References
21 Pathogens of Harmful Microalgae
- P.S. SALOMON and I. IMAI
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Viruses
21.2.1 Host Specificity
21.3 Algicidal Bacteria
21.3.1 Modes of Algicidal Activity and Specificity
21.3.2 Ecology of Algicidal Bacteria and Harmful Microalgae
21.3.3 Seaweed Beds as Prevention of HABs
21.4 Parasitic Fungi
21.4.1 Host Specificity
21.5 Parasitic Protists
21.5.1 Host Specificity
21.5.2 Host Avoidance of Parasitic Infection
21.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
- References
22 Phycotoxin Pathways in Aquatic Food Webs: Transfer, Accumulation and Degradation
- G. DOUCETTE, I. MANEIRO, I. RIVEIRO, and C. SVENSEN
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Bacteria
22.3 Zooplankton
22.4 Bivalves
22.5 Benthic Invertebrates (Non-Bivalves)
22.6 Fishes
22.7 Seabirds and Marine Mammals
22.8 Summary and Conclusions
- References
Part E Studying and Mitigating Harmful Algae: New Approaches
23 Molecular Approaches to the Study of Phytoplankton Life Cycles: Implications for Harmful Algal Bloom Ecology
- R. W. LITAKER and P. A. TESTER
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Identifying Life Cycle Stages Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
23.3 Nuclear Staining to Determine Ploidy and Growth Rates
23.4 Genomic Approaches to Identifying Mitotic and Meiotic Life Cycle Stages
23.5 Measuring Genetic Recombination During Sexual Reproduction
23.6 Future Application of Reverse Transcriptase Assays and DNA
- Microarrays in Life Cycle Studies
23.7 Conclusions
- References
24 Laboratory and Field Applications of Ribosomal RNA Probes to Aid the Detection and Monitoring of Harmful Algae
- K. METFIES, K. TÖBE, C. SCHOLIN, and L.K. MEDLIN
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Ribosomal RNA Sequences as Markers for Phylogenetic Studies and Species Identification
24.3 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) for Identifying Intact Cells
24.3.1 TSA FISH for Flow Cytometry
24.3.2 TSA-FISH for Solid Phase Cytometry
24.4 Detecting Many Species Simultaneously Using DNA Probe Arrays
24.4.1 Microarrays on Glass Slides and Fluorescence Detection
24.4.2 Handheld Array Device That Uses Electro-Chemical Detection
24.4.3 DNA Probe Arrays for Autonomous Detection of Species Using the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP)
24.5 Conclusions
- References
25 Mitigation and Controls of HABs
- H.G. KIM
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Mitigation Strategies and Control of HABs
25.2.1 Precautionary Impact Preventions
25.2.2 Direct and Indirect Bloom Controls
25.2.3 Contingency Plans for Fish Culture
25.3 Conclusions
- References
Part F Human Impact on Harmful Algae and Harmful Algae Impact on Human Activity
26 The Complex Relationships Between Increases in Fertilization of the Earth, Coastal Eutrophication and Proliferation of Harmful Algal Blooms
- P.M. GLIBERT and J.M. BURKHOLDER
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Global Trends in Population, Agricultural Fertilizer Usage and Implications for Export to Coastal Waters
26.3 Nutrient Limitation versus Eutrophication: Basic Conceptual Framework
26.4 Nutrient Loading, Nutrient Composition, and HABs
26.5 Factors Complicating the Relationship between Eutrophication and HABs
26.6 Summary
- References
27 "Top-Down" Predation Control on Marine Harmful Algae
- J.T. TURNER and E. GRANÉLI
27.1 Introduction
27.2 "Top-down" Predators
27.2.1 Medusae
27.2.2 Ctenophores
27.2.3 Fishes
27.3 Case Studies
27.3.1 Black Sea
27.3.2 Mesocosm Studies
- The Role of Ciliates
27.4 Summary
- References
28 Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms
- B. DALE, M. EDWARDS, and P. C. REID
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Evidence From the Past
28.3 Results From Plankton Records
28.4 Results From The Sedimentary Record of Dinoflagellate Cysts
28.5 Conclusions
- References
29 Anthropogenic Introductions of Microalgae
- G. HALLEGRAEFF and S. GOLLASCH
29.1 Potential Transport Vectors for Microalgae
29.2 Vector Surveys for Microalgae
29.3 Evidence for Successful Establishment of Nonindigenous Microalgae
29.3.1 Absence in Historic Samples
29.3.2 Sediment Cyst Cores
29.3.3 Increasing Molecular Evidence
29.4 Management Options to Reduce Risk of Introductions
29.4.1 Warning System for HABs in Ballast-Water-Uptake Zones
29.4.2 Ballast Water Exchange Studies on Phytoplankton
- Empty/Refill (= Reballasting)
- Continuous Flow-through of Ballast Water (= Ballast Exchange)
- Dilution Method
- Location of Ballast Water Exchange
- Is 95% Ballast Water Exchange of HAB Species Sufficient?
29.4.3 Treatment Options
29.5 Conclusions
- References
30 The Economic Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms
- P. HOAGLAND and S. SCATASTA
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Scientific Concerns
30.3 Economic Concerns
30.4 Why Measure Economic Losses?
30.5 Economic Losses
30.6 Economic Impacts
30.7 Estimates of National Economic Effects
30.8 Summary
- References
... weniger
Bibliographische Angaben
- 2007, 1st ed. 2006. 2nd printing 2007, 416 Seiten, Masse: 15,5 x 23,5 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Herausgegeben:Granéli, E.; Turner, Jefferson T.
- Herausgegeben: Jefferson T. Turner, E. Granéli
- Verlag: Springer
- ISBN-10: 3540740090
- ISBN-13: 9783540740094
- Erscheinungsdatum: 04.10.2007
Sprache:
Englisch
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