Atlas of Woody Plant Stems
Evolution, Structure, and Environmental Modifications
(Sprache: Englisch)
This atlas gives a unique assemblage of microscopic slides of wood anatomy and of the respective species in nature and demonstrates the reaction of stem anatomy to environments in which plants form woody stems. It provides insight into the evolution of...
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Produktinformationen zu „Atlas of Woody Plant Stems “
This atlas gives a unique assemblage of microscopic slides of wood anatomy and of the respective species in nature and demonstrates the reaction of stem anatomy to environments in which plants form woody stems. It provides insight into the evolution of wood, to the variation of wood anatomy in response to climate and disturbances, and it gives an introduction to the methodology used to study wood. Special attention has been given to the unique feature of secondary growth. In color throughout and with more than 700 both beautiful and instructive illustrations, the wide-ranging scientific content of this book makes it both attractive and unique.
Klappentext zu „Atlas of Woody Plant Stems “
This atlas gives a unique assemblage of microscopic slides of wood anatomy and of the respective species in nature and demonstrates the reaction of stem anatomy to environments in which plants form woody stems. It provides insight into the evolution of wood, to the variation of wood anatomy in response to climate and disturbances, and it gives an introduction to the methodology used to study wood. Special attention has been given to the unique feature of secondary growth. In color throughout and with more than 700 both beautiful and instructive illustrations, the wide-ranging scientific content of this book makes it both attractive and unique.
Inhaltsverzeichnis zu „Atlas of Woody Plant Stems “
Introduction11 The Evolution of Plant Stems in the Earth's History
The Landscape in the Paleozoic
Plant Body of Vascular Plants
The Evolution of a Stabilizaton System
The Contemporary Fossil Psilotum Nudum?
Diversification of Plants Containing Tracheids
The Lycopods
The Horsetails
The Fossil and Living Ferns
Contemporary Ferns
Trees Grow Taller and Bigger
Successful Seed Plants with Naked Seeds
Ginkgos and Cycads
Gnetophytes (Ephedra, Gnetum and Welwitschia)
The Most Successful Seed Plants with Naked Seeds: Conifers
Successful Plants with Seeds Enclosed in a Carpel: Angiospermae
2 The Structure of the Plant Body
Life Forms in Different Vegetation Zones
Principal Growth Forms
Principal Construction of Roots and Shoots
Principal Construction of the Xylem and Phloem
Cell Types, Cell Walls and Cell Contents
3 Secondary Growth: Advantages and Risks
Primary and Secondary Growth
Principle Structure of Plants with Secondary Growth
Physiological and Ontogenetic Ageing
The Risks of Water Transport:
Stabilized and Permeable Cell Walls
The Risks of Stem Thickening:
Dilatation and Phellem Formation
The Risks of Over-Production:
Programmed Cell Death
The Risks of Instability:
Eccentricity
Reaction Wood
Formation of Lignin and Thick Cell Walls
Internal Optimization
The Risk of Decomposition:
Natural Boundaries and Protection Systems
Defence Barriers around Wounds
The Risk of Shedding Plant Parts:
Abscission
4 Modification of the Stem Structure
The Primary Stage of Growth:
The Construction of Vascular Bundles
The Arrangement of Vascular Bundles in Mosses, Lycopods and Ferns
The Arrangement of Vascular Bundles in Conifer and Dicotyledonous Plant Shoots
The Secondary Stage of Growth:
Conifer Xylem
The Xylem of Dicotyledonous Angiosperms
The Primary and Secondary Stages of Growth of Monocotyledons:
Macroscopic View
Microscopic
... mehr
View
The Secondary Stage of Growth:
Conifer Phloem
The Phloem of Dicotyledonous Angiosperms
Cambial Growth Variants and Successive Cambia
The Third Stage of Growth: The Periderm
5 Modification of the Xylem within a Plant
Modification of the Xylem within a Plant
Conifer: Root, Twig and Stem
Deciduous Tree: Root, Twig and Stem
From Root to Stem Structure
Modification by Aging:
Changing Growth Forms
Changing Growth and Leaf Forms
Changing Wood Anatomical Structures
Change of Phloem and Periderm Structures
6 Modification of the Xylem and Phloem by Ecological Factors
Intra-Annual Density Fluctuations, Phenolic and Crystal Deposits
Intra-Annual Cell Collapse, Callous Tissue and Ducts
Interannual Variation of Latewood Zones
Long Term Variations: Sudden Growth Changes
Inter- and Intra-Annual Variations of the Phloem
7 Modification of Organs
Modification of Shoots:
Long and Short Shoots
Shedding Needles, Male and Female Flowers
Thorns and Spines
Vertical, Horizontal and Drooping Twigs
Latent and Adventitious Shoots
The Lateral Modification of Stems
8 Anatomical Plasticity
Wood Structural Variability
In Different Families
In Different Growth Forms
Under Different Site Conditions
Modification Caused by Different Shoot and Root Functions
9 Modifications Caused by Weather and Climate
Major Wood Anatomical Types in Different Climatic Regions
Modification of the Annual Tree-Ring Formation
Caused By Seasonal Climatic Changes
Modification of the Annual Tree-Ring Formation Caused By Seasonal Climatic Changes: The Genetic Component
Modification of the Xylem due to Intra-Seasonal Variations: Ecological, Climatic and Individual Compontents
10 Modifications Caused by Extreme Growth Factors
Lack of Light
Severe Frost
Drought and Drainage
Defoliation by Insects
Defoliation Caused by Chemical Pollution and Nuclear Radiation
Crown Destruction due to Grazing
Crown Destruction Caused by Pruning and Pollarding
The Felling of Stems (Decapitation)
Growing Together: Anastomosis
Crown, Stem and Site Destruction by Forest Fires
Crown and Stem Destruction by Parasites and Pathogens
Mechanical Stress on Stems due to Imbalance and Shock
Physiological Stress Caused by Stem Wounds
11 From Anatomical Features to Plant Structures
How do Woody Plants Get Old?
How Large Can Trees Get?
The Structural Diversity of Woody Plants
Protection Against Environmental Extremes
Temperature Extremes
Avoiding Shade
Storage of Reserves in Seasonal Climates
Other Special Ecological Adaptations
Herbivory
Flooding
Mistletoes
Phyllods, Phylloclades, Green Woody Stems
12 Decay of Dead Wood
Insects
Fungi
Carbonization
Petrification
Compression
13 Microscopical Preparation
Collection and Storing of Material and Preparation for Sectioning
Making Thin Sections
Preparation of Thin Sections for Permanent Slides
Observation and Photography
References
List of Species
Scientific Names
Common Names
Subject Index
The Secondary Stage of Growth:
Conifer Phloem
The Phloem of Dicotyledonous Angiosperms
Cambial Growth Variants and Successive Cambia
The Third Stage of Growth: The Periderm
5 Modification of the Xylem within a Plant
Modification of the Xylem within a Plant
Conifer: Root, Twig and Stem
Deciduous Tree: Root, Twig and Stem
From Root to Stem Structure
Modification by Aging:
Changing Growth Forms
Changing Growth and Leaf Forms
Changing Wood Anatomical Structures
Change of Phloem and Periderm Structures
6 Modification of the Xylem and Phloem by Ecological Factors
Intra-Annual Density Fluctuations, Phenolic and Crystal Deposits
Intra-Annual Cell Collapse, Callous Tissue and Ducts
Interannual Variation of Latewood Zones
Long Term Variations: Sudden Growth Changes
Inter- and Intra-Annual Variations of the Phloem
7 Modification of Organs
Modification of Shoots:
Long and Short Shoots
Shedding Needles, Male and Female Flowers
Thorns and Spines
Vertical, Horizontal and Drooping Twigs
Latent and Adventitious Shoots
The Lateral Modification of Stems
8 Anatomical Plasticity
Wood Structural Variability
In Different Families
In Different Growth Forms
Under Different Site Conditions
Modification Caused by Different Shoot and Root Functions
9 Modifications Caused by Weather and Climate
Major Wood Anatomical Types in Different Climatic Regions
Modification of the Annual Tree-Ring Formation
Caused By Seasonal Climatic Changes
Modification of the Annual Tree-Ring Formation Caused By Seasonal Climatic Changes: The Genetic Component
Modification of the Xylem due to Intra-Seasonal Variations: Ecological, Climatic and Individual Compontents
10 Modifications Caused by Extreme Growth Factors
Lack of Light
Severe Frost
Drought and Drainage
Defoliation by Insects
Defoliation Caused by Chemical Pollution and Nuclear Radiation
Crown Destruction due to Grazing
Crown Destruction Caused by Pruning and Pollarding
The Felling of Stems (Decapitation)
Growing Together: Anastomosis
Crown, Stem and Site Destruction by Forest Fires
Crown and Stem Destruction by Parasites and Pathogens
Mechanical Stress on Stems due to Imbalance and Shock
Physiological Stress Caused by Stem Wounds
11 From Anatomical Features to Plant Structures
How do Woody Plants Get Old?
How Large Can Trees Get?
The Structural Diversity of Woody Plants
Protection Against Environmental Extremes
Temperature Extremes
Avoiding Shade
Storage of Reserves in Seasonal Climates
Other Special Ecological Adaptations
Herbivory
Flooding
Mistletoes
Phyllods, Phylloclades, Green Woody Stems
12 Decay of Dead Wood
Insects
Fungi
Carbonization
Petrification
Compression
13 Microscopical Preparation
Collection and Storing of Material and Preparation for Sectioning
Making Thin Sections
Preparation of Thin Sections for Permanent Slides
Observation and Photography
References
List of Species
Scientific Names
Common Names
Subject Index
... weniger
Bibliographische Angaben
- Autoren: Fritz Hans Schweingruber , Annett Börner , Ernst-Detlef Schulze
- 2008, 1st Corrected ed., 229 Seiten, Masse: 21,5 x 30,4 cm, Gebunden, Englisch
- Verlag: Springer
- ISBN-10: 3540325239
- ISBN-13: 9783540325239
Sprache:
Englisch
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