Arctic Life of Birds and Mammals

1 Introduction.- 2 Environment of Arctic Life.- Geographical Characteristics.- Arctic Seasons.- Areas Occupied by Life.- History of Arctic Climates.- Migrations of Man to America.- Extinction of Large Land Mammals.- Adjustments of Climatic Change.- References.- 3 Mammals of the Arctic.- Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions.- Arctic Native Human Populations.- Arctic Mammals.- Sea Mammals.- Arctic Mammals of the Late Pleistocene.- Resettlement of Lands as Wisconsin Ice Caps Melted.- References.- 4 Arctic Land Birds and Their Migrations.- Birds Resident in High-arctic Latitudes.- Winter Birds of the Alaskan Tundra and Adjacent Forests.- Survival in the Beringian Refuge.- Migrations of Birds.- Stability and Extent of Eskimo Knowledge of Birds.- Indications for Changes in Range of Birds.- Changes in Habits of Birds.- Wisconsin and Post-glacial Migrations.- Organization of Migrating Populations.- Migrations in Other Parts of Alaska.- References.- 5 Maintenance of Arctic Populations: Birds.- The Influx of Birds to Breed on Arctic Lands.- Birds of the Interior Tundra.- Nesting in the High Arctic.- Colonial Maritime Birds.- References.- 6 Maintenance of Arctic Populations of Mammals.- Marine Mammals that Breed on Ice.- Mammals that Breed on Land.- Population Cycles and the Northern Catch of Furs.- Arctic Foxes.- Polar Bears.- References.- 7 Warm Temperature of Birds and Mammals.- Early Reports from Arctic Explorers.- Warmth of Arctic and Other Animals.- General Observations on Temperature in the Body.- References.- 8 Maintenance of Warmth by Variable Insulation.- Insulation of Arctic Animals by Fur and Feathers.- Insulation of Birds.- Aquatic Birds and Mammals.- Formulation of Thermal Balance with Environmental Temperature.- Formulation of Economy of Animal Heat.- References.- 9 Metabolic Supply of Heat.- Comparison of Specific Metabolic Rates.- Lower Critical Temperatures of Mammals.- Summary.- References.- 10 Heterothermic Operation of Homeotherms.- Gradients of Temperature